• Journal of Practical Agriculture & Fisheries Research
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.159-171
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• 2009

Required total substrates amounts for mushroom production are 212,186M/T in Korea. 80% of these total substrates amounts, 169,748 M/T is used for main substrates. Also 20%of these total substrates amounts, 42,438 M/T is used for additives. Main substrates 169,748 M/T is composed of sawdust, waste cotton, cotton seed hull, straw and com cob etc.. Additives 42,438 M/T is composed of rice bran, wheat bran and beet pulp etc. In the mushroom management, the cost of substrates purchase is composed for the most of management. Substrates amount is limited to supply, and the demand of mushroom substrates is on the increase continuously. So there is nothing but the cost of substrates are raising. Therefore the most important thing must develop the cheap substrates for the mushroom production.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.236-243
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• 2012

Spent mushroom substrates is composted organic material remaining after a crop of mushroom is harvested. The raw materials of mushroom substrates are same feed ingredient as corncobs, rice brown, wheat brown, cotton seeds and beet pulp. During the mushroom cultivation process, the mushroom substrates was used 15-25% by mushroom and 75-85% of mushroom substrates was remained in the SMS. Among of the spent mushroom substrates, spent mushroom substrates of pleurotus eryngii, Pleurotus ostreatus and Flammuliua velutipes is can be use the energy feedstock of animal feed. The cellulose content of spent mushroom(pleurotus eryngii) substrates containing the sawdust was high and total digestible nutrients (TDN) values was low. The spent mushroom(pleurotus eryngii) substrates fermented with cellulase and xylanase producing bacteria is may be used as an ingredient of feed in TMR for Hanwoo steer.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.24 no.11
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• pp.1560-1568
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• 2011

This study was conducted to evaluate the yield, nutrient characteristics, ruminal solubility, degradability and disappearance of spent mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) substrates for ruminants. The annual yield of spent Agaricus bisporus substrates was measured to be about 210,000 tons (M/T) in South Korea. The surface soil-removed spent substrates had nutritional characteristics of high crude ash (375 g/kg) and Ca (32 g/kg), medium protein (134 g/kg CP), and high fiber (384 g/kg NDF on a DM basis). Compared with initial mushroom substrates, spent mushroom substrates had twice higher (p<0.0001) CP content and 22.0% lower (p<0.0001) NDF content on an organic matter basis. Compared with raw rice straw, spent rice straw had much higher (p<0.05) predicted ruminal degradabilities and disappearances of DM and CP and a little lower (p<0.05) predicted degradability and disappearance of NDF. In conclusion, the general feed-nutritional value of spent mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) substrates appeared to improve after cultivation of mushrooms.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.217-221
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• 2017

BACKGROUND: For the food safety of cultivated mushroom, information on the safety of agricultural by-products imported as medium substrates for mushroom cultivation is urgently needed. Therefore, this study was performed to detect the presence of heavy metals, residual pesticides, and nutrient component in the imported medium substrates. METHODS AND RESULTS: Six kinds of medium substrates imported from nine countries from 2015 to 2017 were investigated. A mercury analyzer MA-2000 and an inductively coupled plasma spectrometer OPTIMA 7000DV were used to analyze mercury, lead, arsenic, copper, nickel and cadmium. All of these heavy metals were detected at lower level than heavy metal tolerance standard level of by-product fertilizer in Korea. When 246 kinds of residual pesticides were examined by GC and HPLC, imidacloprid, thiamethoxam and carbendazim were detected from Egyptian beet pulp, Indian cottonseed meal and cottonseed hull, respectively. The content of nutrient components (water, crude ash, crude fat, crude protein and crude fiber) varied among imported countries and the medium substrates. CONCLUSION:The presence of heavy metals and residual pesticides in imported medium substrates for mushroom cultivation was confirmed. For the safe production of mushroom, this study shows that imported medium materials for mushroom cultivation need to be managed through continuous monitoring.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.139-144
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• 2015

This study was done the calculation formula for calculating the below item. That is the moisture content of the substrates raw materials, water content of the mixed substrates; the amount of media, dry weight, amount of liquid, bulk density in the bottle; dried materials volume, water volume, mixing ratio in a substrates mixing materials; water requirement amount, replenishment amount for water content control of the substrates and the total amount of substrates. And each was prepared in an Excel file for automatically calculated. The calculation of the Excel file will be able to take advantage for the mushroom growers; to make raw material costs, per bottle nutrient content and moisture content maintained throughout the year and new media composition. At this time we expect, while minimizing the quantity or deterioration in the daily ups and downs continued growing courses throughout the year contribute to stabilizing production.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.1-5
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• 2016

To minimize cultivation costs, prevent insect-pest infestation, and improve the production efficiency of thermophilic mushrooms, plant substrates obtained from local areas in Cambodia were used for production of both spawn and mushrooms. In this experiment, different sawdusts different organic wastes and grain ingredients and analyzed for improvement of spawn-production efficiency. Four thermophilic mushroom species, Pleurotus sajor-caju (oyster mushroom, Sambok), Ganoderma lucidum (deer horn shaped), Auricularia auricula (ear mushroom), and Lentinula edodes (shiitake), were used to identify efficient new substrates for spawn and mushroom production. Although the mycelia in the rubber tree sawdust medium showed a slightly slower growth rate (10.9 cm/15 days) than mycelia grown in grains (11.2 cm/15 days in rice seeds), rubber tree sawdust appeared to be an adequate replacement for grain spawn substrates. Th findings indicate that rubber tree sawdust, sugarcane bagasse, and acacia tree sawdust supplemented with rice bran and calcium carbonate could be new alternative the substrates for. Although sugarcane bagasse and rubber tree sawdust showed similarly high biological efficiencies (BE) of 60% and 60.8%, respectively, acacia tree sawdust exhibited relatively a low biological efficiency of 22.4%. However, it is expected that acacia sawdust has potential for the mushroom cultivation when supplemented with currently used sawdust substrates in Cambodia, because of its relatively low price. The price of the sawdust (20 kg sawdust= 6500 Riel or 1.6 USD) currently used was 6.5 times higher than the price of acacia sawdust (201000 Riel or 0.25 USD). Therefore, utilization for acacia sawdust for mushroom cultivation could become feasible as it would reduce by producing costs of mushrooms in rural areas of Cambodia.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.258-262
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• 2022

Pleurotus species are the most consumed and cultivated mushrooms in Korea. Although oyster mushrooms (P. ostreatus) can be cultivated automatically, their storability is slightly lower than that of king oyster mushrooms (P. eryngii) and winter mushrooms (Flammulina velutipes); therefore, the export proportion of oyster mushrooms is very low. Since Korean mushrooms are highly preferred across Southeast Asian, the export of oyster mushrooms in the form of complete substrates is expected to be more promising than that of fresh mushroom. Here, 1 and 2.5 kg complete substrates of P. ostreatus 'Soltari' and P. sajor-caju 'Sambok' were prepared and stored at different temperature from 0 to 15℃ for 10 days. Thereafter, the formation of fruiting bodies was induced. Since the 2.5 kg complete substrates required 70 days of incubation, their mycelia were at an advanced age and their fruiting bodies did not grown normally. When 70%-incubated complete substrates were stored at 5-10℃, the growth was faster and more uniform and stable fruiting bodies were formed. Export test of complete substrates to Vietnam using distribution containers set at 0℃ and 15℃ revealed that the growth period was shortened by 1-2 days when the distribution containers were set at 15℃ and the yield of 'Soltari' increased by approximately 10%. In addition, even though the yield of 'Sambok' was similar between treatments at 0℃ and 15℃, the quality of fruiting bodies from 15℃-distributed complete substrates was much better than that of those from 0℃-distributed substrates.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.117-121
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• 2014

The experiments were conducted to provide information on the chemical concentrations and cultural characteristics in the periods of hyphal incubation, primordial formation, and fruiting bodies yield of winter mushroom, Flammulina velutipes at the mixture ratio of the raw materials. Substrates were analyzed for pH, total carbon (T-C), total nitrogen (T-N), and C/N ratio. In case of Flammulina velutipes, yield of fruiting bodies were 190.5 g/850 ml in the substrates, [Corn-cob + Rice bran + Soybean curd residue (75:20:5)], which was increased 20.4% more than the control, [Douglas fir sawdust + Rice bran (75:25)]. But the periods of hyphal incubation took 28 days, which was 7 days longer than the control. Also, in the substrates [Douglas fir sawdust + Rice bran + Soybean curd residue (75:20:5)], the yields was 172.7 g/850 ml and the periods of hyphal incubation was 21 days.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.45-53
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• 2010

Feeding rate and growth rate of earthworm population on the variously pretreated spent materials of the agaric-mushroom cultivation were investigated. When the spent mushroom substrates with different aging periods were supplied to earthworm, feeding rate and growth rate of earthworm population on spent mushroom substrates aged less than 10 days were higher than that on spent mushroom substrates aged more than 20 days. Feeding rate and growth rate were not increased when the spent mushroom substrate mixed with vermicasts or nitrogenous fertilizer was supplied. Feeding rate and growth rate on the ground mushroom substrate were higher than that on the non-ground mushroom substrate. Especially when the ground mushroom substrate was mixed with rice bran and supplied to earthworms, growth rate was much higher than that on the non-ground spent mushroom substrate; it increased 1.85 times.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.225-230
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• 2018

This study was conducted to reuse spent mushroom substrates (SMS) of Pleurotus ostreatus and improve their nitrogen content by bacterial treatment. Two kinds of bacteria were used to investigate the increase in total nitrogen (T-N) content. Bacillus sp. (GM20-4) was isolated from SMS of oyster mushroom, and Rhodobacter sphaeroides (RS) was obtained from Gwangju Si Agricultural Technology Center. SMS samples were collected from three oyster mushroom cultivation farms located in Gyeonggi-do province, Korea. When dried SMS was inoculated with 30% culture broth of GM20-4 and RS and incubated at room temperature ($25{\pm}2^{\circ}C$) for 5 days, T-N content increased. To investigate the T-N content of other SMS, three dried SMS samples (A, B, and C) were treated by the same method using GM20-4 and RS. As a result, the T-N content of sample B was 20% higher than that of the control, whereas the T-N content of samples A and C increased to 17% and 12%, respectively. The change in T-N content by bacterial treatment of wet SMS was slightly higher than that of the control. The changes in amino acid content were also found to be higher than those in the control in all SMS samples by GM20-4 and RS treatment. Aspartic acid and glutamic acid contents were the highest among all amino acid compositions. Especially, the aspartic and glutamic acid contents of sample B increased by 2.9 folds higher than the control.