• 생물정신의학
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.149-154
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• 2015

Mood disorder is a common psychiatric illness with a high lifetime prevalence in the general population. Many prescribed antidepressants modulate monoamine neurotransmitters including serotonin, norepinephrine and dopamine. There has been greater focus on the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the human brain, glutamate, in the pathophysiology and treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD). Recently, ketamine, an N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist, has received attention and has been investigated for clinical trials and neurobiological studies. In this article, we will review the clinical evidence for glutamatergic dysfunction in MDD, the progress with ketamine as a rapidly acting antidepressant, and other N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist for treatment-resistant depression.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.127-131
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• 2019

Many neurologic disorders manifest as psychiatric symptoms. Anti-N-Methyl-D-Aspartate (NMDA) receptor encephalitis is an autoimmune disease of the brain characterized by numerous neurological and psychiatric features. Despite being rare, its prevalence is rapidly increasing and early management is critical in ensuring successful and sustainable recovery. Therefore, the illness should be considered as a differential diagnosis when clinically assessing patients. This report presents a case of a female child who was hospitalized for acute psychiatric manifestations, which was later confirmed as anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis. She recovered relatively successfully after combined neurological and psychiatric treatment. This report provides information on the clinical course of early onset anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis, including treatment strategy and prognosis.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.15-23
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• 2003

Objective : The role of high frequency 120 Hz electroacupuncture(EA) in carrageenan-induced pain was studied by examining the alnalgesic effects, and prostaglandin $E_2(PGE_2)$ levels measurement and spinal N-methyl-D-aspartate(NMDA) receptor expression. Inflammation was induced by an intraplantar injection of 1% carrageenan into the right hind paw. Method : Bilateral EA stimulation with 120 Hz were delivered at those acupoints corresponding to Zusanli and Sanyinjiao in man via the needles for a total of 30 min duration in carrageenan-injected rats. Results : EA stimulation showed significant analgesic effects as measured by analgesy-meter at all time points tested compared with controls. Three hours after carrageenan injection, PGE2 levels were measured by commercial kit. EA significantly inhibited PGE2 production in the right paw. The number of NR1 and NR2A, NMDA receptor, immunoreactive neurons was significantly increased in the superficial dorsal horn(laminae I-II) and nucleus proprius(laminae III-IV) of ipsilateral spinal cord at L4-5. But the number of carrageenan-induced NR1 and NR2A immunoreactive neuron, especially NR1 immunoreaction in the superficial dorsal horn, was reduced by 120 Hz EA stimulation. Conclusions : These results indicate that NMDA receptors may mediate transmission of nociceptive information originating in tissue inflammation of hind paw and high frequency 120 Hz EA stimulation have an alleviating action against local inflammatory pain.

• 생약학회지
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• 제32권3호통권126호
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• pp.212-218
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• 2001

The water extracts of 82 Korean medicinal herbs were prepared and were examined for the binding affinity on the glycine binding site of NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) receptor prepared by the synaptic membranes from the forebrains of male Sprague-Dawley rats. Among the tested, the extracts of Dioscoreae Rhizoma, Hoveniae Semen cum Fructus, Astragali Radix, Armeniacae Semen, Huttuynia cordata Herba, Acanthopanacis Cortex, Aurantii nobilis Pericarpium, Phellinus linteus, Amomi Fructus, Artemisiae capillaris Herba, Polyporus, Agastachis Herba and of Galli Stomachichum Corium were found to exhibit significant competitions with $[^3H]-MDL$ 105,519 for the glycine specific binding site of NMDA receptor in a dose dependent manner, respectively.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• 제38권4호
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• pp.350-355
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• 2021

Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis is a severe autoimmune paraneoplastic syndrome associated with ovarian teratomas. Most patients develop neurologic symptoms, including psychosis, memory deficits, seizures, or abnormal movements, and experience abdominal pain related to ovarian neoplasm. We present a case report of three patients diagnosed with anti-NMDAR encephalitis accompanied by ovarian teratomas at Ajou University Hospital in Korea. The patients demonstrated a different clinical course of the disease. However, upon diagnosis, all patients underwent surgical removal of the ovarian teratoma followed by intensive immunotherapy. The symptoms progressively improved following treatment. This is a case report of a rare autoimmune anti-NMDAR encephalitis associated with ovarian neoplasms, including immature teratoma.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.41-48
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• 1998

The present study was undertaken to characterize homocysteic acid (HCA)-and cysteic acid (CA)-mediated formation of inositol phosphates (InsP) in primary culture of rat cerebellar granule cells. HCA and CA stimulated InsP formation in a dose-dependent manner, which was prevented by the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist D,L-2-amino-5-phosphopentanoic acid (APV). CA-, but not HCA-, mediated InsP formation was in part prevented by the metabotropic glutamate receptor antagonist ?${\alpha}$-methyl-4-carboxyphenylglycine ($({\pm})$-MCPG). Both HCA- and CA-mediated increases in intracellular calcium concentration were completely blocked by APV, but were not altered by $({\pm})$-MCPG. CA-mediated InsP formation was in part prevented by removal of endogenous glutamate. In contrast, the glutamate transport blocker L-aspartic acid-${\beta}$-hydroxamate synergistically increased CA responses. These data indicate that in cerebellar granule cells HCA mediates InsP formation wholly by activating NMDA receptor. In contrast, CA stimulates InsP formation by activating both NMDA receptor and metabotropic glutamate receptor, and in part by releasing endogenous glutamate into extracellular milieu.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.93-101
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• 2009

The use of magnesium sulphate has recently increased in anesthesiology and pain medicine. The roles of magnesium sulphate are as an analgesic adjuvant, a vasodilator, a calcium channel blocker and reducing the anesthetic requirement. These effect are primarily based on the regulation of calcium influx into the cell and antagonism of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor. We discuss here the clinical effects of magnesium sulphate on anesthesiology and pain medicine.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.179-182
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• 2005

We investigated that water extract of Acanthopanax sessiliflorus roots rescued the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), agonist of glutamate receptor, -induced toxicity in rat organotypic hippocampal slice culture. When the cell death in NMDA only-treated hippocampal slices was set 100%, A. sessiliflorus decreased the cell death to 75.4, 51.6, 48.9, and 40.6% at 1, 10, 50, and $100\;{\mu}g/ml$ treatment, respectively. On the basis of these results, the water extract of A. sessiliflorus roots may be a preventive agent against NMDA-induced cytotoxicity.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제9권6호
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• pp.722-727
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• 1999

본 연구는 연어 뇌 연접의 단백질구성에 대한 기초연구로서, 기억형성에 중요한 역활을 하는 NMDA 수용체의 분포와 PTK에 의한 인산화에 대하여 조사하였다. 본 실험에 사용한 연어 뇌의 PSD 분획에서는 Coomassie로 염색할 경우 20여개 분명한 단백질띠를 확인할 수 있었으며, 소량으로 존재하여 전체적으로 도말되어 보이는 펩타이드의 수는 알 수 없었다. 이들 중 180kD 크기의 단백질은 phosphotyrosine 특이성 항체에 상대적으로 잘 인식이 되었다. 또한 이 180 kDa의 단백질들은 쥐에 있어서의 NR2A 및 NR2B의 위치인 분자량 약 180kD의 위치와 동일한 것으로 보아 연어에 있어서도 후각기능에 관계하는 NR2A 및 NR2B가 존재함을 추정할 수 있다.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제18권6호
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• pp.391-395
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• 1995

Several lines of evidence indicate that physiological activity of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor was blocked by physiological concentration of $Mg^{2+}$ (1.2 mM). However, the activity of NMDA receptor may not be blocked totally with this concentration of $Mg^{2+}$ under elevated membrane potential by kainate. Here, we described the effect of $Mg^{2+}$ on NMDA receptor and how much of NMDA receptor functions could be activated by kainate. Effects of NMDA receptor antagonist on kainate-induced elevation of intracellualr $Ca^{2+}$ levels $([Ca^{2+}]_i)$ and extracellular glutamate level were examined in cultured rat cerebellar granule neurons. kainate-induced elevation of $([Ca^{2+}]_i)$ was not affected by physiological concentration of $Mg^{2+}$. Kainate-induced NMDA-induced elevation was blocked by the same concentration of $MG^{2+}$Kainate-induced elevation of [$([Ca^{2+}]_i)$ was decreased by 32% in the presence of NMDA antagonists, MK-801 and CPP (3-[2-carboxypiperazine-4-yl]propyl-1-phosphonic acid), in $Mg^{2+}$ free buffer. Kainate receptor-activated gluamate release was also decreased (30%) by MK-801 or CPP. These resuts show that certain extent of elevations of intracellular $Ca^{2+}$ and extracellular glutamate by kainate is due to coativation of NMDA receptors.