• Journal of Veterinary Science
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.7.1-7.13
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• 2021

Background: Niemann-Pick disease type C (NPC) is caused by the mutation of NPC genes, which leads to the abnormal accumulation of unesterified cholesterol and glycolipids in lysosomes. This autosomal recessive disease is characterized by liver dysfunction, hepatosplenomegaly, and progressive neurodegeneration. Recently, the application of induced neural stem cells (iNSCs), converted from fibroblasts using specific transcription factors, to repair degenerated lesions has been considered a novel therapy. Objectives: The therapeutic effects on NPC by human iNSCs generated by our research group have not yet been studied in vivo; in this study, we investigate those effects. Methods: We used an NPC mouse model to efficiently evaluate the therapeutic effect of iNSCs, because neurodegeneration progress is rapid in NPC. In addition, application of human iNSCs from NPC patient-derived fibroblasts in an NPC model in vivo can give insight into the clinical usefulness of iNSC treatment. The iNSCs, generated from NPC patientderived fibroblasts using the SOX2 and HMGA2 reprogramming factors, were transplanted by intracerebral injection into NPC mice. Results: Transplantation of iNSCs showed positive results in survival and body weight change in vivo. Additionally, iNSC-treated mice showed improved learning and memory in behavior test results. Furthermore, through magnetic resonance imaging and histopathological assessments, we observed delayed neurodegeneration in NPC mouse brains. Conclusions: iNSCs converted from patient-derived fibroblasts can become another choice of treatment for neurodegenerative diseases such as NPC.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea CI
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• v.43 no.2 s.308
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• pp.40-51
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• 2006

As computer games become more complex and consumers demand more sophisticated computer controlled NPCs, developers are required to place a greater emphasis on the artificial intelligence aspects for their games. The platform for game NPC Intelligence Development should support real-time, independence, flexibility, group behavior, and various A.I to NPC that are reactive, realistic and easy to develop. This paper presents an architecture to satisfy these criteria for the platform of game NPC intelligence development. The proposed platform shows the higher performance than existing platform through the load sharing, and it also has some advantages which are supporting the various AI techniques, efficient group behavior, and independence to develop NPC intelligence.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Computer Information Conference
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• 2023.07a
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• pp.167-170
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• 2023

게임 플랫폼의 고도화와 게임 구현 기술의 발전을 통해 이루어지고 있는 개발 환경의 효율성 제고를 통해 이전에 게임의 구현 자체에 소요하는 시간을 게임 콘텐츠의 질적 향상을 위해 투입할 수 있는 여건이 형성되고 있다. 본 논문은 게임에서 등장하는 NPC가 보다 사실적인 추론을 통해 플레이어를 추적하도록 지정하는 알고리즘을 고수준의 카테고리로 구분하여 구현하여, 개발 과정에서의 NPC 구현에 효율성을 제고하는 기법을 제안한다. NPC가 플레이를 추적하는 스토리를 기반으로 하는 게임에서 NPC가 플레이어의 위치에 도달하기 위한 길찾기 알고리즘은 필수적이다. 일반적으로 사용되는 최단 거리 길찾기 알고리즘인 다익스트라(Dijkstra)의 경우, 효율적이지만 플레이어가 NPC의 경로를 예측 가능할 수 있기에 게임의 재미 향상에 걸림돌이 되는 단점이 있다. 본 논문에서는 최단 거리 길찾기를 구현하면서 다양한 게임 스토리 상의 설정으로 지정할 수 있는 다양한 방법론을 연구하였으며, 이를 구현하기 위한 고수준 길찾기에 대한 방법을 제시한다.

• The Transactions of the Korean Institute of Power Electronics
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.22-32
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• 2008

This paper proposes a linearization technique for the 3-level NPC type inverter, which increases the linear control range of Inverter up to the one-pulse inverter. The overmodulation range is divided into two modes depending on the Modulation Index, MI. In overmodulation region I, the reference angles are derived from the fourier series expansion of the reference voltage corresponding to the MI. In overmodulation region II, the holding angles are also derived in the same way. Therefore, it is possible to obtain the linear control and the maximized utilization of PWM inverter output voltage.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Computer Information Conference
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• 2014.01a
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• pp.49-50
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• 2014

본 논문은 영속적 RPG게임에서 사용자에게 제공되는 퀘스트 유형의 절차적 생성 기법에 대한 연구이다. 영속적 월드(persistent world) 환경은, 게임 사용자를 포함한 다양한 게임 구성 자원간의 상호작용을 통해 서사를 생성하는 가상 월드의 특징을 가지고 있다. 본 실험은 서사의 핵심 자원인 NPC(Non-Player Character) 및 다양한 월드 자원들을 가진 가상의 영속적 월드 하에, NPC들이 창발적인 퀘스트를 지속적으로 생성하도록 하였다. 이를 통해 영속적 가상 월드의 NPC 자원들이 곳곳에서 창발적 퀘스트 유형을 지속적으로 생성하는 것을 확인 할 수 있었다.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.383-398
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• 2023

Dihydroaustrasulfone alcohol (DA), the synthetic precursor of a natural compound (austrasulfone) isolated from the coral species Cladiella australis, has shown cytotoxic effects against cancer cells. However, it is unknown whether DA has antitumor effects on nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). In this study, we determined the antitumor effects of DA and investigated its mechanism of action on human NPC cells. The MTT assay was used to determine the cytotoxic effect of DA. Subsequently, apoptosis and reactive oxygen species (ROS) analyses were performed by using flow cytometry. Apoptotic and PI3K/AKT pathway-related protein expression was determined using Western blotting. We found that DA significantly reduced the viability of NPC-39 cells and determined that apoptosis was involved in DA-induced cell death. The activity of caspase-9, caspase-8, caspase-3, and PARP induced by DA suggested caspase-mediated apoptosis in DA-treated NPC-39 cells. Apoptosis-associated proteins (DR4, DR5, FAS) in extrinsic pathways were also elevated by DA. The enhanced expression of proapoptotic Bax and decreased expression of antiapoptotic BCL-2 suggested that DA mediated mitochondrial apoptosis. DA reduced the expression of pPI3K and p-AKT in NPC-39 cells. DA also reduced apoptosis after introducing an active AKT cDNA, indicating that DA could block the PI3K/AKT pathway from being activated. DA increased intracellular ROS, but N-acetylcysteine (NAC), a ROS scavenger, reduced DA-induced cytotoxicity. NAC also reversed the chances in pPI3K/AKT expression and reduced DA-induced apoptosis. These findings suggest that ROS-mediates DA-induced apoptosis and PI3K/AKT signaling inactivation in human NPC cells.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.12
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• pp.4927-4935
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• 2015

Northeastern India is a major nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) high risk-area although the rest of the country has very low incidence. A case-control study of 105 NPC cases and 115 controls was conducted to identify the potential risk factors for NPC development in this region. Information was collected by interviewer about socio-demographic characteristics, cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, dietary history, occupational history, and a family history of cancer. Epstein-Barr viral load was assayed from the blood DNA by real time PCR. Associations between GSTs genotypes, cytochrome P450 family including CYP1A1, CYP2E1 and CYP2A6 polymorphisms and susceptibility to relationship between the diseases were studied using PCR-RFLP assay. Results indicate that Epstein-Barr virus load was significantly higher in patients compared to controls (p<0.0001). Furthermore, concentration of blood EBV-DNA was significantly higher in advanced stage disease (Stage III and IV) than in early stage disease (Stage I and II) (p<0.05). Presence of CYP2A6 variants that reduced the enzyme activity was significantly less frequent in cases than controls. Smoked meat consumption, exposure to smoke, living in poorly ventilated house and alcohol consumption were associated with NPC development among the population of Northeastern India. Thus, overall our study revealed that EBV viral load and genetic polymorphism of CYP2A6 along with living practices which include smoked meat consumption, exposure to smoke, living in poorly ventilated houses and alcohol consumption are the potential risk factors of NPC in north eastern region of India. Understanding of the risk factors and their role in the etiology of NPC are helpful forpreventive measures and screening.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Computer Information Conference
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• 2014.07a
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• pp.297-301
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• 2014

게임에는 많은 종류의 장르가 있다. 어떤 장르의 게임이 되었건 플레이어와 많은 상호작용을 하는 A.I는 게임에 있어 중요한 요소 이며 어드벤처 게임(Adventure Game) 장르도 예외는 아니다. A.I(Artificial Intelligence)I의 행동이나 상황에 따른 플레이어와의 상호작용은 게임에 있어 플레이어에게 몰입감을 주며 게임을 좀 더 현실감 있게 해주는 게임의 수많은 요소 중 하나다. 본 논문에서는 FSM(Finite-State Machine) 기법을 사용하여 어드벤처 게임에서플레이어에게 '몰입'을 유발 시키는 방법으로 FSM 기법의 NPC(None-Player Character) A.I 패턴을 디자인을 통해 플레이어의 '몰입'을 유발 하였다.

• The Transactions of the Korean Institute of Power Electronics
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.221-227
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• 2022

The reliability improvement of PV systems is an important factor in reducing the cost of PV energy because it is closely related to the annual energy production as well as the maintenance cost of PV systems. The reliability of PV inverters plays a key role in the reliability of PV systems because it is regarded as one of the most reliable critical parts of PV systems. The lifetime evaluation of PV inverters considering the mission profile in the design phase plays an important role in reliability design to ensure the required lifetime of PV inverters. In this paper, the lifetime of representative single-phase T-type and I-type NPC inverters are comparatively evaluated by considering the mission profile of a PV system recorded at Iza, Spain. Furthermore, the effect of the pulse width modulation methods on the lifetime is also discussed. The lifetime evaluation of PV inverters is performed at the component-level first and then the system level by considering all power devices.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.43 no.12
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• pp.1011-1022
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• 2020

Cell type specification is a delicate biological event in which every step is under tight regulation. From a molecular point of view, cell fate commitment begins with chromatin alteration, which kickstarts lineage-determining factors to initiate a series of genes required for cell specification. Several important neuronal differentiation factors have been identified from ectopic over-expression studies. However, there is scarce information on which DNA regions are modified during induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) to neuronal progenitor cell (NPC) differentiation, the cis regulatory factors that attach to these accessible regions, or the genes that are initially expressed. In this study, we identified the DNA accessible regions of iPSCs and NPCs via the Assay for Transposase-Accessible Chromatin sequencing (ATAC-seq). We identified which chromatin regions were modified after neuronal differentiation and found that the enhancer regions had more active histone modification changes than the promoters. Through motif enrichment analysis, we found that NEUROD1 controls iPSC differentiation to NPC by binding to the accessible regions of enhancers in cooperation with other factors such as the Hox proteins. Finally, by using Hi-C data, we categorized the genes that directly interacted with the enhancers under the control of NEUROD1 during iPSC to NPC differentiation.