• 한국의류학회지
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.9-15
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• 1982

The influence of builders on calcium deposition on the fabric was studied by laundering the cotton fabric with sodium carbonate, sodium metasilicate, sodium tripolyphosphate and built detergents in hard water. The laundry variables were: 1) Washing cycles: 5, 10, 20, 30 and 40 cycles. 2) Water hardness: 100 ppm, 150 ppm, 200 ppm and 300 ppm. 3) Builders: $Na_2\;CO_3,\;Na_2\;SiO_3$ and STPP. 4) Detergents: Na-DBS, $Na-DBS+Na_2CO_3,\;Na-DBS+Na_2\;SiO_3,\;Na-DBS+STPP,\;Na-DBS+Na_2\;CO_3+STPP$, and $Na-DBS+Na_2\;SiO_3+STPP$. The fabric was washed for 15 minutes at 23+$1^{\circ}C$ in a washing machine(Gold Star WP 3007) under the similar condition with those of home laundering, and rinsed 3 times in the same water hardness for 5 minutes. The calcium deposits on the fabric was determined by EDTA-BACK titration methods. The results of this study were as follows: 1) The amount of calcium deposits on the fabric was increased with increasing wash cycles. This deposit was due to the build up of insoluble calcium carbonate. 2) As the water hardness increased, the amount of calcium deposits on the fabric was increased. 3) Alkaline builders, such as, $Na_2CO_3$ and $Na_2SiO_3$, promoted calcium deposition on the fabric, however STPP prevented calcium deposition on the fabric. 4) Fabric laundered with $Na-DBS+Na_2CO_3$ showed the highest calcium deposits on the fabric, and decreased with the order of $Na_2CO_3$, $Na-DBS+Na_2SiO_3$, and Na-DBS. And fabrics washed with phosphate-built detergents showed a small amount of calcium deposition.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제47권3호
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• pp.339-343
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• 2004

음이온성 계면활성제인 sodium dioctyl sulfosuccinate(SDSS), sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate(NaDBS) 및 비이온성 계면활성제인 polyoxyethylene oleyl ether(OE-7)를 선발하여 토마토 역병, 고추 역병 및 오이 노균병에 대한 예방효과, 치료효과 및 약효 지속성을 조사 하였다. 이들 계면활성제는 토마토 역병, 고추 역병 그리고 오이노균병에 대하여 우수한 1일전 예방효과를 보였다. 이들 중에 NaDBS는 가장 높은 살균 활성을 보였으며, $500\;{\mu}g/ml$ 처리에서도 토마토 역병, 고추 역병 및 오이 노균병에 대해 각각 99%, 100% 및 85%의 방제가를 나타냈다. 그러나 세 계면활성제는 접종 1일 후의 약제처리에 의해서는 낮은 치료효과를 보였다. SDSS와 NaDBS는 토마토 역병과 고추 역병에 대하여 우수한 약효 지속성을 보였으며, 특히 $NaDBS(500\;{\mu}g/ml)$는 접종 7일 전 약제처리구에서 토마토 역병과 고추 역병에 88% 이상의 방제가를 보였다. 이상의 결과로부터 SDSS와 NaDBS는 고추 역병, 토마토 역병 및 오이 노균병에 대하여 포장에서도 우수한 방제효과를 보일 것으로 판단되었다.

• 분석과학
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• 제28권5호
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• pp.317-322
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• 2015

토양 중 음이온 바이오사이드인 chlorite, chlorate, cyanuric acid와 sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate (Na-DBS)의 liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) 동시 분석방법을 개발하였다. Chlorite와 chlorate는 물로 추출하였으며, cyanuric acid와 Na-DBS는 0.25 mM ammonium formate를 함유한 20 mM formic acid와 acetonitrile (1:1) 이동상을 이용하여 추출하였다. 추출물은 필터 후 직접 LC-MS/MS로 주입하였다. 분석물질이 검출되지 않는 토양에 각 성분들을 첨가한 후 정도관리를 실시한 결과 검출한계는 chlorite 0.04 mg/kg, chlorate 0.04 mg/kg, cyanuric acid 0.27 mg/kg 그리고 Na-DBS의 경우는 0.05 mg/kg 이었다. 이 방법을 사용하여 우리나라 AI로 소독제를 많이 사용한 장소 40개 지역과 사용하지 않은 지역 10개 대조 지역의 토양을 분석한 결과 대조지역을 포함한 모든 조사지역에서 네 가지 음이온 모두 검출되지 않았다.

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.33-40
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• 1982

The removal and redeposition of particulate soil occur simultaneously during the washing process. In order to investigate variables which affect on the redeposition of particulate soil, cotton lawn was soiled in the ion oxide black suspension using Launder-O meter. The amount of deposited soil was estimated by means of the spectrometric analysis of iron on the fabric after soiled. The results are as follows: 1. The presence of surfactants b suspension decreased the deposition of particulate soil and the most effective surfactant was soap and the descending order was NaDBS>CTAB>PONPE. 2. The influnce of temperature on soil deposition was considerable, soil deposition was gradually increased with elevating temperature in ionic surfactants solution such as NaDBS and CTAB but that was decreased above $40^{\circ}C$ in nonionic surfactant solution. 3. The tendency of soil deposition was dwindled by adding electrolytes especially in case of polyvalent anions. 4. From the results of the experiments redeposition of particulate soil was related with suspending power of surfactants and was influenced by factors varing zeta potential.

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.31-37
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• 1977

The effects of surfactants and concentration of NaOH in surfactant solution on the removal of free fatty acid soil from cotton fabrics were investigated. Cotton fabrics were soiled with palm itic acid which is the most common fatty acid found in natural oily soil and washed in Lauder-ometer with various types of surfactant with or without NaOH. The rate of soil removal was estimated by analyzing palmitic acid contents in fabric before ar d after washing. Analysis of palmitic contents was made by extracting palmitic acid with azeotropic mixture of alcohol-benzene and the extracts were titrated with standard NaOH solution. It was shown that the types of surfactant are important factor in free fatty acid removal and the efficiency increases in the following order: SLS$90\%$ of initial sorption. In relation to the mechanism of detergency, the suspending and emulsifying power of surfactants were also examined. From the results of this experiments, it could be concluded that the soap formation with alkali and the suspending power of surfactant arc significant factors in free fatty acid soil removal, but the emulsifying power of it is neglizible.

• 공업화학
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• 제9권5호
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• pp.734-741
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• 1998

본 연구에서는 전극전위 분석법을 사용하여 중성운반체로 dibenzo-18-crown-6(D18Cr6)와 valinomycin(Val)을 이용하여 $K^+$ 이온선택성 PVC막 전극의 막과 용액계면에서의 전극특성을 검토하였다. PVC막에서 감응물질(운반체)에 기본전해질의 혼입 (doping)여부, 감응물질의 종류와 함량, 가소제, 막두께 및 이온의 활동도변화에 따른 전극의 기울기, 선형응답범위 한계측정농도 및 방해이온에 따른 선택계수 등 전극특성을 검토하였다. 중성운반체로 D18Cr6, Val을 $K^+$ 이온으로 착체형성하여 사용하였고, 가소제로 dibutylphthalate(DBP), dioctyl sebacate(DOS) 및 dibutyl sebacate(DBS)를, 혼입제인 기본전해질로 potassium tetraphenylborate (KTPB) 및 용매로 THF를 지지체로 PVC를 이용하여 막을 제조하였다. 운반체의 최적 함량은 D18Cr6와 Val의 경우 3.23 wt %이었고, 가소제는 DBP가 가장 적절한 가소제이었다. 막두께에 대한 영향은 최적 막두께 이상에서는 막두께가 얇아질수록 전극특성이 좋아졌으나, 막두께가 이 이하로 얇아지면 운반체의 용출, 막의 강도 등이 작용하여 전극특성이 나빠짐을 알 수 있었다. D18Cr6의 경우 $K^+$ 이온에 대한 혼합용액법에 의한 선택계수 서열은 다음과 같았다: $NH_4{^+}>Ca^{2+}>Mg^{2+}>Na^+$.

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.15-21
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• 1981

The effect of fatty acid content in oily soil and conditions of washing on the removal of triglyceride have been studied. Cotton lawn was soiled with the four-component soil-tripalmitin, palmitic acid, dodecyl alcohol and dodecane-and washed in constant temperature waterbath shaker. The detergency was estimated by analysis of triglyceride labelled carbon-14 on fabrics before and after washing by means of liquid scintillation counting. It was shown that the detergency of triglyceride washed with the nonionic, nonylphenol poly (10)-ethylene oxide and soap was increased steadily with increasing temperature, whereas with the anionics Na-DBS and SLS, the detergency was rather decreased when the temperature was elevated above $40^{\circ}C$. To investigate the effects of free fatty acid content in soil on the removal of triglyceride, the fabrics were soiled altering palmitic acid content, and then washed. From the results, the detergency of triglyceride was developed with increasing free fatty acid content. With soils containing less than $30\%$ of free fatty acid, of the three detergents tested, the nonionic was by far the most effective soil removal. Soap was intermediate and the synthetic anionic was the poorest. With soil containing $45\%$ of free fatty acid, soap was the most effective soil removal. When NaOH was added to detergent solution. the detergency of triglyceride was improved without regard to detergents. The optimum alkalinity was obtained according to free fatty acid content. And the alkalinity changed to low NaOH concentration with increasing free fatty acid content. From the results mentioned above, it could be concluded that the major removal mechanisms of triglyceride containing oily soil were mesomorphic phase formation, solubilization and soap forma-tion when alkali was added in detergent solution.

• Molecular & Cellular Toxicology
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.17-25
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• 2005

There are some critical drawbacks in the use of biomarkers for a global assessment of the toxicological impacts many chemicals and environmental pollutants have, primarily due to an individual biomarker's specificity for an explicit chemical or toxicant. In other words, the biomarker-based assessment methodology used to analyze toxicological effects lacks a high-throughput capability. Therefore, eco-toxicogenomics, or the study of toxicogenomics with organisms present within a given environmental locale, has recently been introduced with the advent of the so-called "-omics" era, which began with the creation of microarray technologies. Fish are comparable with humans in their toxicological responses and thus data from toxicogenomic studies performed with fish could be applied, with appropriate tools and implementation protocols, to the evaluation of environments where human or animal health is of concern. At present, there have been very active research streams for developing expression sequence tag (EST) databases (DBs) for zebra fish and rainbow trout. Even though few reports involve toxicogenomic studies with fish, a few groups have successfully fabricated and used cDNA microarrays or oligo DNA chips when studying the toxicological impacts of hypoxia or some toxicants with fish. Furthermore, it is strongly believed that this technology can also be implemented with non-model fish. With the standardization of DNA microarray technologies and ample progress in bioinformatics and proteomic technologies, data obtained from DNA microarray technologies offer not only multiple biomarker assays or an analysis of gene expression profiles, but also a means of elucidating gene networking, gene-gene relations, chemical-gene interactions, and chemical-chemical relationships. Accordingly, the ultimate target of eco-toxicogenomics should be to predict and map the pathways of stress propagation within an organism and to analyze stress networking.

• 약학회지
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.200-210
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• 1977

This investigation was undertaken from February 1976 to September 1976. The detergents in municipal sewages from the Chung Kae Stream, Ahn Yang Stream, and Bong Won Stream were determined at 1.5ppm, 0.93ppm, and 3.36ppm in average respectively. The concentrations of detergents determined in the Han river were 0.013ppm of Kwang Na Ru, 0.11ppm of Duk Do, 0.370ppm of Bo Kwang Dong, and 0.285ppm of Ka Yang Dong basin respectively. And the potable waters of Sung Book Ku and Sung Dong Ku from Ku Eu water pumping station located up-stream of the Han river were less polluted at 0.045ppm and 0.037ppm in average. Young Deung Po Ku and Su Dae Moon Ku had been relatively polluted at 0.181ppm and 0.133ppm. The coagulant, alum [$Al_{2}(SO_{4})_{3}$] could eliminated the small amount of detergent by coagulation. The eliminated rates were about 13% by 5ppm and 22.7% by 20ppm of aluminum sulfate in sewage contained 10ppm of turbidity. The sand and the charcoal adsorbed some detergent as the following Langmuir's equations: For the charcoal, m/x=0.029.$\times$1/Ce-11.43 For the charcoal, m/x=2.705log1/Ce-5.46 Where m: amount of snad and active carbon used(g) x: amount of detergent adsorbed from liquid(g) Ce:concentration in the liquid at equilibrium(miles) The adsorption effect of sand would be neglected. In the low concentration of detergent solution, one gram of active carbon adsorbed 0.263g of detergent. It was determined that one gram of chlorine reduced 5.5g pf DBS om keeping up 0.2ppm of residual chlorine by disinfection process with chlorine compound.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제38권6호
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• pp.387-392
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• 2008

Alfuzosin, an Alphal-adrenoceptor antagonist is used for the treatment of patients with voiding and in a lesser extent storage lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) associated to benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). The objective of this study was to formulate sustained release alfuzosin HCl granules and assess their formulation variables. The $Eudragit^{(R)}$ as a polymer, sustained release membrane, and dibutyl sebacate (DBS) as a plasticizer were used. Multi-coated alfuzosin HCl delivery systems composed of sugar sphere, various excipients, $Eudragit^{(R)}$ and HPMC (hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose), Cellulose Acetate were prepared by fluid-bed coater. Membrane layer were used $Eudragit^{(R)}$ RS PO and NE 30D. And the alfuzosin HCl coated beads were coated immediate release drug layer for initial burst. Its dissolution test was carried out compared to conventional products ($XATRAL^{(R)}$ XL). The release rate of drug from coated beads was higher than that from $XATRAL^{(R)}$ XL in pH 6.8.