• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.62 no.5
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• pp.155-161
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• 2019

Following the first successful trial of surfactant replacement therapy for preterm infants with respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) by Fujiwara in 1980, several animal-derived natural surfactants and synthetic surfactants have been developed. Synthetic surfactants were designed to overcome limitations of natural surfactants such as cost, immune reactions, and infections elicited by animal proteins contained in natural surfactants. However, first-generation synthetic surfactants that are protein-free have failed to prove their superiority over natural surfactants because they lack surfactant protein (SP). Lucinactant, a second-generation synthetic surfactant containing the SP-B analog, was better or at least as effective as the natural surfactant, suggesting that lucinactant could act an alternative to natural surfactants. Lucinactant was approved by the U. S. Food and Drug Administration in March 2012 as the fifth surfactant to treat neonatal RDS. CHF5633, a second-generation synthetic surfactant containing SP-B and SP-C analogs, was effective and safe in a human multicenter cohort study for preterm infants. Many comparative studies of natural surfactants used worldwide have reported different efficacies for different preparations. However, these differences are believed to due to site variations, not actual differences. The more important thing than the composition of the surfactant in improving outcome is the timing and mode of administration of the surfactant. Novel synthetic surfactants containing synthetic phospholipid incorporated with SP-B and SP-C analogs will potentially represent alternatives to natural surfactants in the future, while improvement of treatment modalities with less-invasive or noninvasive methods of surfactant administration will be the most important task to be resolved.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.35 no.7
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• pp.2009-2012
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• 2014

An anionic surfactant, sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (SDBS), was introduced during the ultrasonication process for exfoliation of graphene. The surfactant plays the roles of exfoliator and stabilizer by binding to the graphene surface. The obtained modified graphene was characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and solid state $^{13}C$ CP/MAS NMR to analyze the binding between molecules, and by X-ray diffraction (XRD) to characterize the bulk structure. The resulting graphene exhibited good dispersion stability in both water and organic solvents.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.549-563
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• 2010

The environmental behaviors of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are mainly governed by their solubility and partitioning properties on soil media in a subsurface system. In surfactant-enhanced remediation (SER) systems, surfactant plays a critical role in remediation. In this study, sorptive behaviors and partitioning of naphthalene in soils in the presence of surfactants were investigated. Silica and kaolin with low organic carbon contents and a natural soil with relatively higher organic carbon content were used as model sorbents. A nonionic surfactant, Triton X-100, was used to enhance dissolution of naphthalene. Sorption kinetics of naphthalene onto silica, kaolin and natural soil were investigated and analyzed using several kinetic models. The two compartment first-order kinetic model (TCFOKM) was fitted better than the other models. From the results of TCFOKM, the fast sorption coefficient of naphthalene ($k_1$) was in the order of silica > kaolin > natural soil, whereas the slow sorbing fraction ($k_2$) was in the reverse order. Sorption isotherms of naphthalene were linear with organic carbon content ($f_{oc}$) in soils, while those of Triton X-100 were nonlinear and correlated with CEC and BET surface area. Sorption of Triton X-100 was higher than that of naphthalene in all soils. The effectiveness of a SER system depends on the distribution coefficient ($K_D$) of naphthalene between mobile and immobile phases. In surfactant-sorbed soils, naphthalene was adsorbed onto the soil surface and also partitioned onto the sorbed surfactant. The partition coefficient ($K_D$) of naphthalene increased with surfactant concentration. However, the $K_D$ decreased as the surfactant concentration increased above CMC in all soils. This indicates that naphthalene was partitioned competitively onto both sorbed surfactants (immobile phase) and micelles (mobile phase). For the mineral soils such as silica and kaolin, naphthalene removal by mobile phase would be better than that by immobile phase because the distribution of naphthalene onto the micelles ($K_{mic}$) increased with the nonionic surfactant concentration (Triton X-100). For the natural soil with relatively higher organic carbon content, however, the naphthalene removal by immobile phase would be better than that by mobile phase, because a high amount of Triton X-100 could be sorbed onto the natural soil and the sorbed surfactant also could sorb the relatively higher amount of naphthalene.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Building Construction
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• v.11 no.6
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• pp.557-566
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• 2011

The surfactants facilitate the formation of foam bubbles under a proper condition and provide stability of foam bubbles by decreasing the surface tension of solutions and increasing the viscosity of foam surface. However, there have been almost no practical data of foam concrete in this regard so far. This study aims to understand the effects of foaming agents such as anionic synthetic surfactant and anionic natural material surfactant on the low density foamed concrete. From the experiment, the vegetable soap of anionic natural material surfactants showed a higher foaming rate, more open pores, slightly lower compressive strength, and a higher permeability coefficient compared to the vegetable soap of anionic synthetic surfactants. It is believed that the natural material surfactants make not only the surface tension of the solution low but also the viscosity of slurry high.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Soil and Groundwater Environment Conference
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• 2002.09a
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• pp.283-286
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• 2002

Solubilization and partitioning of naphthalene was investigated in an aqueous system containing soils and surfactants. The environmental behavior of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) was mainly governed by their solubility and partitioning properties on soil media in a subsurface system. In surfactant-enhanced remediation systems, surfactants might be an additional variable. a natural soil ,silica and kaolinite were tested as soil media. two nonionic surfactants, Triton X-100 and Hydropropy1-$\beta$-cyclodextrin (HPCD) were employed for naphthalene solubilization. Naphthalene showed linear on natural soil while non-linear sorption on silica and kaolinite. Soils have higher sorption capacity for Triton X-100 than HPCD indicating Triton X-100 formed ad-micelle on the soil surface. Desorption study showed a hysterysis and reversible desorption. The partitioning coefficient(K$_{D}$) of naphthalene was increased as the concentration of surfactant was increased. (below CMC), however, the coefficient was decreased above CMC. This indicates that naphthalene is partitioned into the micelles and the partition occurs competitively on both ad-micelle and free micelles as surfactant concentration increases. Therefore, the target compounds to be dissolved into aqueous phase in a surfactant enhanced remediation system might be highly partitioned on to the ad-micelle resulting in an adverse effect rather increased solubilization would be achieved.d.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.33 no.12
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• pp.4261-4264
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• 2012

• KSBB Journal
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.202-207
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• 2013

In this study, saponin content of extract from modified preconditioning process was investigated in Saponaria officinalis L. for cosmetic natural surfactant. Saponin content in steamed leaves from S. officinalis L. was about three times more than that in dried leaves (tea saponin and quillaja saponin). And saponin extracts from steamed leaves was excellently shown in both forming force and forming stability. In emulsion activity, saponin extracts from steamed leaves had a similar level to quillaja saponin and tea saponin. Saponin extracts from steamed leaves in S. officinalis L. showed nontoxic effect below in $1,000{\mu}g/mL$ of concentration and dose-dependent inhibition of NO production. From the experiment, the extracts of S. officinalis L. showed good cosmetic agent.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.560-567
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• 2018

In the cosmetics industry, many raw materials such as hyaluronic acid and glycerin have been developed and studied as moisturizing agents for long-lasting moisturizing effects. In this study, we investigated changes in moisture and transdermal water loss of skin by changing the surfactant, instead of the moisturizing agent. Particularly, surfactant types such as natural surfactant, lecithin surfactant, polyglyceryl ester surfactant, peg Surfactant and peg w/o surfactant showed changes in moisture and transdermal water loss according to the changes of their surfactants. The best results were obtained when using Lecithin surfactant.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.97-106
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• 2017

The purpose of this study was to investigate the characteristics and detergency of natural surfactants for the cleaning of excavated fabrics. For this purpose, SDS, a synthetic surfactant, was selected as the control, and five types of natural surfactants, namely, LES, apple wash, tea saponin, cornacopa, and coco betaine were selected. The structures of the surfactants were confirmed by FT-IR spectroscopy analysis, and the characteristics of the surfactants were determined by measuring the pH and surface tension. In addition, detergency testing was carried out on four artificially soiled fabrics and fragments of excavated fabrics. From the results, apple wash, tea saponin, and cornacopa were found to be as good as SDS in terms of detergency in the cleaning of artificially soiled fabrics, and the detergency of tea saponin and coco betaine was found to be good for cleaning excavated fabrics. Therefore, considering the safety and detergency of detergents, among natural surfactants, tea saponin is found to be most suitable for the cleaning of excavated fabrics.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.21-27
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• 2012

In the Chosun period, the noble class usually buried the dead bodies in the lime-covered tomb. Recently their costumes are excavated while maintaining the shape. However, the textiles discovered from the inside have been degradated by a body and moisture. To conserve these textiles one of the most important thing is how to clean these textiles right after the excavation. The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of wet cleaning to minimize the color change of textile remains. For this purpose, silk and cotton were dyed with natural dyes (7 red, 1 blue, 6 yellow, 4 green and 4 purple colors), then they were kept for 6 months with pork meat at $10^{\circ}C$, and were washed by four cleaning solutions (water, anionic surfactant (SDS), non-ionic surfactant (Triton X-100) and natural surfactant (saponin)) at $20^{\circ}C$ and $40^{\circ}C$. The color change was evaluated by color difference (${\Delta}E$) between non-treated and after washed samples. From the results, it was found that the color changes are significantly different depending on the washing temperature, textile material, the cleaning agents and the type of dyes.