• The Journal of the Society of Korean Medicine Diagnostics
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.13-26
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• 2007

Background: Neurofeedback is an electroencephalographic biofeedback technique for training individuals to alter their brain activity via operant conditioning. Also neurofeedback is a form of behavioural training aimed at developing skills for brain activity. Within the past decade, several neurofeedback studies have been published that tend to overcome the methodological shortcomings of earlier studies. This research describes the methodical basis of neurofeedback and reviews the evidence base for its clinical efficacy and effectiveness in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Methods: In neurofeedback training, self-regulation of specific aspects of electrical brain activity is acquired by means of immediate feedback and positive reinforcement. In frequency training, activity in different EEG frequency bands has to be decreased or increased. Slow cortical potentials (SCPs) training is focused on the regulation of cortical excitability. Results: Neurofeedback studies revealed training-specific effects on, for example, attention and memory processes and performance improvements in real-life conditions, in healthy subjects as well as in patients. In several studies it was shown that ADHD symptomatology was reduced after frequency training or SCP(Slow cortical potentials) training. Moreover a decrease of impulsivity errors and an increase of the contingent negative variation. Conclusions: This research provides evidence for both positive behavioural and specific neurophysiological effects of neurofeedback training. Also there is growing evidence for neurofeedback as a valuable module in neuropsychiatric disorders. Further, controlled studies are warranted.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.928-938
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• 2015

Purpose: This study explored the effects of neurofeedback training on Electroencephalogram (EEG), Continuous Performance Task (CPT) and ADHD symptoms in ADHD prone college students. Methods: Two hundred forty seven college students completed Korean Version of Conners' Adult ADHD Rating Scales (CAARS-K) and Korean Version of Beck Depression Inventory (K-BDI). The 16 participants who ranked in the top 25% of CAARS-K score and had 16 less of K-BDI score participated in this study. Among them, 8 participants who are fit for the research schedule were assigned to neurofeedback training group and 8 not fit for the research schedule to the control group. All participants completed Adult Attention Deficiency Questionnaire, CPT and EEG measurement at pretest. The neurofeedback group received 15 neurofeedback training sessions (5 weeks, 3 sessions per week). The control group did not receive any treatment. Four weeks after completion of the program, all participants completed CAARS-K, Adult Attention Deficiency Questionnaire, CPT and EEG measurement for post-test. Results: The neurofeedback group showed more significant improvement in EEG, CPT performance and ADHD symptoms than the control group. The improvements were maintained at follow up. Conclusion: Neurofeedback training adjusted abnormal EEG and was effective in improving objective and subjective ADHD symptoms in ADHD prone college students.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.10 no.6
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• pp.1317-1328
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• 2009

As a study on how the Neurofeedback training effects on young children's brain function and intelligence, first, this paper aims to verity the effect Neurofeedback training brings to the function of young children's brain. Second, through K-WPPSI IQ test, analyses how Neurofeedback training influences on the development of young children's intelligence. The subjects of this study were the 60 five-year children attenging J kindergarten in Cheon-an, experimnet treatment was performed according to Neurofeedback training guidance from Aprile 21 to December 12, 2008. It analyzes the states of brain waves before and after the Neurofeedback training, and performed the statistical analysis through t-test, using SPSS for Window(V.13.0) package. As a result of analysis, it was shown that firstly Neurofeedback training was very effective on the d!evelopment of infan's brain intelligence, since the quotient to evaluate the entire brain function appeared to have a meaningful influence. Secondly, it was proved that Neurofeedback training had much influence on the object assembly-area, the maze-area, and picture completion-area, and that it had the same influence on the performance intelligence quotient too. So, such results as these one make us realize that Neurofeedback training is a very effective method to the development of performance intelligence quotient. Thirdly, they indicate that Neurofeedback training hasn't a meaningful influence on verbal intelligence quotient, since it affects only on the similarities area among verbal intelligence quotient, the total evaluative quotient.

• The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.184-191
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• 2007

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of a neurofeedback training on developing creativity in nursing students. Method : A nonequivalent control group pre-posttest design was used. A convenience sample of 36 students from the Department of Nursing, at D University were assigned to experimental(n=18) and control(n=18) groups. The intervention program was Neurofeedback training for 6 weeks, 3 times a week. Outcome variables were fluency, flexibility, originality, and creativity overall. Result : Neurofeedback training was effective in enhancing flexibility and creativity overall, but was not effective in enhancing fluency and originality. Conclusion : Neurofeedback training may be a useful intervention to promote creativity of nursing students.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.157-167
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• 2016

Objectives: This study was undertaken to evaluate the effectiveness of the Neurofeedback training programme (NFT), and systematically search for factors related to the NFT.Methods: This study applied meta-analysis to thesis and journal articles published in Korea. A total of 42 papers published between 2001 to August in 2015 were evaluated, which were selected through a database search.Results: Summarizing the evaluation, the quality of results was low. The meta-analysis revealed that the effect size of the neurofeedback programme training was 0.691, over the median. Also, the variables were statistically significant to the neurofeedback programme training effect, and were consistent with the subject characteristics, their disabilities/non disabilities, and level of education. The results were also statistically significant to the neuro-feedback programme training effect according to the research method (training method), the sessions per a week, total sessions, and training time.Conclusions: The RoBANS result of 42 studies is at a risk of being highly biased. However, statistically, the meta-analysis result of the factors evaluated is significantly high.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.79-97
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• 2018

Objectives: The purpose of this systematic review was to investigate the clinical effects of neurofeedback training on reducing anxiety. Methods: Eight databases were used to extract clinical reports on neurofeedback intervention for anxiety reduction published until 2016. We analyzed the characteristics of selected studies and evaluated biases using the Risk of Bias (RoB) assessment. Results: A total of 22 clinical trials were extracted for the analysis. The risk of bias in most studies was high or unclear. The Chinese Classification of Mental Disorders-3 (CCMD-3) was the most frequently used diagnostic criteria, the Hamilton Rating Scale for Anxiety (HAMA) was the most frequently used assessment tool, and the alpha wave activity increase, sensorimotor rhythm (SMR), and theta wave training were the most frequently used intervention methods. All papers showed a statistically significant decrease of anxiety symptoms; however, significant adverse events were not reported. Conclusions: Neurofeedback intervention might be beneficial for reducing anxiety. However, the quality of the studies used in the analysis was low, and the heterogeneity of the population and interventions was revealed. Therefore, more scientifically designed clinical studies regarding neurofeedback training are required.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.208-220
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• 2018

Purpose: The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of neurofeedback training for reducing stress and enhancing self-regulation in late adolescence to identify the possibility of use for nursing intervention. Methods: A nonequivalent control group pre-post quasi-experimental design was used. Participants were 78 late adolescents assigned to the experimental group (n=39) that received the neurofeedback training and the control group (n=39). Data were collected on heart rate variability (HRV) and skin conductance level (SCL) to assess stress-biomarker response. The questionnaire contained 164 items from: Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS), Symptom Checklist-90-Revised (SCL-90-R) and Self-regulatory Ability scale. The neurofeedback training was based on the general adaptation syndrome and body-mind medicine. The intervention was conducted in a total of 10 sessions for 30 minutes per session with high-beta, theta and sensory motor rhythm training on scalp at central zero. Results: There were significant difference in standard deviation of normal to normal interval (p=.036) in HRV and SCL (p=.029) of stress-biomarker response between the two groups. Negative affect (p=.036) in PANAS and obsessive compulsive (p=.023) and depression (p<.001) in SCL-90-R were statistically significant. Self-regulation mode (p=.004) in self-regulation ability scale showed a significant difference between the two groups. Conclusion: The results indicated that the neurofeedback training is effective in stress-biomarkers, psychoemotional stress response and self-regulation. Therefore, neurofeedback training using neuroscientific approach based on brain-mind-body model can be used as an effective nursing intervention for late adolescents in clinics and communities for effective stress responses.

• Journal of East-West Nursing Research
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.111-119
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• 2012

Purpose: Recently, Neurofeedback training system that based on biofeedback of brain wave was introduced. This study was performed to identify the effects of the improvement of brain function by Neurofeedback training on elders(the 2nd or 3rd grade of long-term care insurance services). Methods: A quasi-experimental design using a nonequivalent control group, pre-post test was used. Total 11 elderly were enrolled in this study (experimental group 5, control group 6). The intervention was conducted 3 times a week for 30 minutes from January to June, 2012 (total 60 times). Chi-square test and Mann-Whitney U-test were used to analyze the data. Results: After the Neurofeedback intervention, attention quotient (AQ), anti-stress quotient (ASQ), emotion quotient (EQ) and brain quotient (BQ) of the experimental group were significantly better than those of the control group. Conclusion: The findings indicate that the Neurofeedback training program was effective in reducing fatigue by AQ, increasing the physical and mental stress resistance by ASQ, emotional balance by EQ and improving of total brain function by BQ. Therefore Neurofeedback training be used as an effective training intervention for the health of elderly in geriatric facility.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.17 no.12
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• pp.582-593
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• 2016

The purpose of this study is to (evaluate) the effectiveness of neurofeedback training (NFT) and systematically search for the related factors by conducting a meta-analysis of theses and journal articles published in (the Korean language/Korea). This study analyzed 21 articles selected through a database search from 2001 to 2015. The quality evaluation result of the research, as research method characteristic, was low. It was found that, first, the effect size of the neurofeedback program training was .683 above the (median). Second, the effect size as the (moderator) variable played a statistically significant role in moderating the effect of the the subject characteristics, including the presence or not of disabilities and school level (elementary, junior high school, high school), on the effectiveness of the neurofeedback training program. Third, (the effect size) played a statistically significant role in mediating the effect of the research method (training method), number of sessions per week, total number of sessions and training time on the effectiveness of the neurofeedback training program. This study provides (comprehensive) data on the effect of the interventions and selection of the neuro-feedback training program subjects.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.271-286
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• 2014

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to investigate the clinical trial research trends in regards to the neurofeedback training (NFT) in Korean journals. Methods: We researched articles published in Korean journals from 2000 up to 2013 and were related to the NFT. We searched six electronic databases to find relevant articles, using the term 'neurofeedback'. Results: 1) 6 single group comparative studies and 31 randomized controlled trials were found. 2) Healthy volunteers and students were most frequently studied with neurofeedback training. Other studies included attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), Poststroke, panic disorder, premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PDD), temporomendibular disorder (TMD), and obesity. NFT interventions were attempted in diverse training protocols and assessed with many different outcome measurements. 3) Most studies showed effective results after NFT. Conclusions: NFT is increasingly studied and used in various clinical fields. Also, there have been efforts to adopt NFT in Korean medical clinics and researches, and more rigorous and innovative studies are needed in the future.