• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.15-32
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• 2011

This study was carried out to investigate the soil characteristics and propose the management for the Monument Beobsoo Marsh, Korea. The soil properties of O.M, $Ca^{2+}$, $Na^+$ and CEC were higher and the soil properties of pH_{1:5}$ and $P_2O_5$ were lower the studied sites than other marsh sites in Korea. Although the Heavy metals such as Pb, Hg, Cd, Cu, Zn, Cr and As were lower compare to the safety standard of soil pollution in Korea, the overall conservation management plan based on long-term monitoring should be considered just because it varied by the point and non-point source pollution within the studied marsh. The source of water pollution varied due to non-point polluting origins such as sewage inlet, degraded terrain for agriculture, fishing sites, sites of removed water grasses, pesticides, chemical fertilizers, as well as fallen leaves. The creation of an artificial marsh is recommended due to the soil environment of the studied sites may be changed owing to the accumulated contaminants from the sources of both of point or non-point contaminants. The establishment of the zones of core, buffer and transition which is basic management structure of the UNESCO MaB could be applied to manage the studied site. Simultaneously the promotion of voluntary participation and education of the local residents are needed.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.11-22
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• 2002

This study analyzes the river system and water quality conditions of Bukchun in order to establish a basic plan for Preparing a natural learning and experimental area of environmental ecosystem in Bukchun, Gyeongju. It also tries to establish an integrated plan for water management of Bukchun stream based on water contaminants. In addition, after analysing the water quality at 13 points during the non-rainy season, the effluent of municipal wastewater was of relatively better quality with I ~ II grade, below the water quality standard of the river, except in points near Samsung apartments. However, analysing the Hyeongsangang and the effluent of Bomunho and Duckdongdam in rainy season, the water quality was II ~ III grade according to environmental standard. The water Quality of those samples was strongly dependent of non-point source.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.561-569
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• 2016

In this paper a concept of the paradigm shift in the operations of Water and Wastewater systems regarding the production and usage of water was introduced. Based on this concept the interrelationships between the water quality in the upper basin of NakDong River relative to Busan and the degree of satisfaction of the customers on the water supply service in Busan were modeled using the System Dynamics modeling methodology. SamRangJin basin area was determined as the upper basin of Busan after analyzing the relationships between the water quality of MoolGeum water intake point and water quality data of various mid- and upper water intake points along NakDong River. The amount of contaminants generated in SamRangJin basin was modeled using the Gross Regional Domestic Product in the area and the treated amount was calculated using the efficiency of wastewater treatment and the degree of improvement of environmental condition per investment. The water quality at MoolGeum water intake point was modeled to take the effects of the remaining amount of contaminants after treatment and the non-point source contaminants in SamRangJin basin. Using the developed System Dynamics model the effects of the investment for the improvement of environmental condition in SamRangJin basin were compared to the case of alternate water source development for Busan in terms of the degree of satisfaction of the customers on the water supply service in Busan.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.499-508
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• 2011

We analyzed the variations of water quality with flow regime alterations to determine the characteristics of the stream where the stream management is considerably difficult due to the high variability of the flow rates. In this study, both flow rates and water qualities were monitored at the tributaries, 34 in count, of both Geum River and Sabgyo Lake Basins. The variation of water qualities were divided into 2 types, based on their stream flow rates, known as Type I and Type II. If the water quality of a stream increases during low flow rate periods compared with high flow rate periods, it is classified as Type I; if the water quality of the stream increases during high flow rate periods compared with low flow rate periods, it falls under Type II. The analysis for the variations of water qualities, of all 43 basins, resulted to 24 basins under Type I and Nineteen 19 basins under Type II. The variations of water qualities were analyzed first by using Regression Analysis followed by Statistical Analysis. The average slope of the variations of water qualities and the slope of the standard deviations were 0.00135 and 0.00477, respectively. The Probability Distributions of both Type I and Type II basins were 61.1% and 38.9%, respectively. The basin having a probability distribution of 61.1% and is also known as Type I, increases during periods of low flow rates, due to the presence of point sources. Therefore, the basin should be enforced with stream management. Before the stream management can be implemented in all streams falling under Type II, the sources of contaminants should first be estimated. These contaminants can be classified into two parts, the first is Point source pollution and the second is Non-point source pollution, where the Non-Point source pollution can be sub-divided into two types, with storm runoff and without storm runoff.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.41-52
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• 2013

Anyang Stream Restoration Movement was started from 2001 for the construction of ecological city. The facilities for reuse of treated sewerage have been used since 2003 for improvement of water quality, maintenance of water quantity, river ecological restoration, and hydrophilic space. Thus, the Anyang city has been gradually transformed to eco-friendly city after the construction of Anyang stream and Hakui stream as natural rivers. In this study, biological and chemical methods as well as ecological indicators for Anyang mainstream and major tributaries were monitored for four years in between 2008 and 2012. The water quality and the diversity of species in most of the streams were found to be good except Anyang main stream. It appears that the influence of seasonal drying stream is almost disappeared except Sammak stream. Thus, the values for BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand) and BIP (Biological Index of Pollution) for Anyang main stream were found to be 5.27~3.42mg/l and 4.51~5.50, respectively. This is considered to be caused by the reused water quality of treated wastewater being exceeded the design criteria or by the non-point source of contaminants around the stream. However, entire section of tributaries shows I, II grade as a good water quality.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.18 no.9
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• pp.983-992
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• 2009

The purpose of the present study is to analyze pollutant runoff characteristics from non-point sources in Joman River basin. The present study contains analyzed results of rainfall and SS, BOD, COD, TN, TP runoff from Joman River basin. This study contains a sensitivity analysis of parameters that affect the simulation results of rainfall and pollutants runoff. Result of the sensitivity analysis shows that proportion of watershed and impervious areas is the most sensitive to peak discharge and total flowrate for rainfall runoff and that WASHPO is the most sensitive parameter for pollutants runoff. For parameter estimation and verification, flowrate and water quality is measured at the Kangdong Bridge in Haeban stream. A single rainfall event is use to perform parameter estimation and verification. Results of the present study show that total pollutant loads of Joman River basin is 11,600 ton of SS, 452 ton of BOD, 1,084 ton of COD, 515 ton of TN, and 49 ton of TP, respectively. In addition, it is found that contribution ratio of non point source and total source is 89% of SS, 63% of BOD, 61% of COD, 21% of TN, and 32% of TP, respectively.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.19-26
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• 2010

Discharged materials from the point or non-point source are released into the sea, and as the results, marine environment is directly affected. We must estimate the impacts of contaminants to marine pollution rapidly and accurately. Therefore, it is needed on early warning system for appreciating marine environmental impacts, and required a bioassay to evaluate abnormal changes. A bioassay test was developed to examine the effects of heavy metal contaminants on the early life stages of the marine annimals. We have studied the effects of metals on early development of a sea urchin species, Strongylocentrotus intermedius. S. intermedius embryos were tested with six metals (Cu, Ag, Zn, Cd, Cr, Ni) and showed the highest sensitivity to Cu as well as the lowest sensitivity to Cd. The order of biological impact for metals was Cu>Ag>Ni>Zn>Cr>Cd. In accordance with the results, sea urchins embryos can provide biological criteria for seawater quality assessment. The sensitivity of developmental bioassay whith S. intermedius is at intermediate level among marine organisms commonly used in aquatic bioassays. And this sea urchin can be routinely employed as a test organism for ecotoxicity assays.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.225-233
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• 2007

Road runoff water is one of the non-point sources (NPSs) of pollution negatively influencing drinking water source. Numerous road runoff NPS waters have been studied for over the last decade. However, the sources of pollution can be conditional, seasonal, or accidental. Therefore, measurement of pollutant loadings in different site is necessary to estimate the effect of road runoff water. The objective of this study was to examine the quality of road runoff water from a city bridge in Seoul, Korea. This study was conducted for two years to assess annual discharge pollution loads. In this study, key water quality parameters including chemical oxygen demand ($COD_{Cr}$), biochemcial oxygen demand ($BOD_5$), total nitrogen (T-N), total phosphorus (T-P), and suspended solid (SS) were measured at 18 different events. The results showed that typically the pollutant concentrations are higher at the beginning of each event and decrease afterwards. The first 20% of the volume of the runoff from each event is transporting 46% ($COD_{Cr}$), 48% ($BOD_5$), 50% (T-N), 34% (T-P), 30% (SS), respectively. The event mean concentrations (EMCs) were $COD_{Cr}$ (199 mg/L), $BOD_5$ (41.2 mg/L), T-N (7.97 mg/L), T-P (0.42 mg/L) and SS (113 mg/L). Although the results were consistent with the previous study (Barbosa and Hvitved-Jacobsen, 1999), $COD_{Cr}$, $BOD_5$, T-N exhibit a stronger first flush effect compared to the other contaminants.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.500-505
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• 2004

While more attention has been paid in recent years to urban point source pollution control, no considerable measures have been taken to control urban non-point source pollution. Contaminants from non-point sources deposited on urban impermeable surfaces such as road and highway are easily released to the public waters by rainfall, leading to the deterioration in water quality in urban area. The present study investigated a system using filter media to reduce the level of contamination in urban road runoff. Three different media, designated as J-P (polypropylene, blowing type), B-P (polypropylene, fiber type), and P-F (Polyvinyl alcohol, cube and sheet type) were evaluated on the basis of pollutant removal efficiency as well as hydraulic property. Experiments were peformed using a 1/4-scale treatment unit at various pollutant roading and rainfall intensity with real rainwater runoff collected from road surfaces. The results at different rainfall intensities shows that the medium J-P is superior to the other media for water permeability. J-P was not blocked at 10 mm/hr rainfall and its permeability was stable. On the other hand, B-P and P-F resulted in substantial overflow ratio even at I mm/hr rainfall intensity. Comparing treatment efficiencies for suspended solids, all media showed similar removal ranged from 91 % to 95%. However, J-P seems to be better than the other media considering its higher water permeability. J-P and P-F, both hydrophobic, yielded over 76% of heavy metal removal. But, the hydrophilic media B-P showed much smaller removal ranging from 26% to 47%. This indicates that J-P and P-F are beneficial to remove heavy metal due to their hydrophobic property. The treatment efficiencies over PAHs (poly aromatic hydrocarbons) showed the similar removal efficiency ranging from 66% to 97% for all three media.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.104-110
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• 2006

Growth in population and urbanization has progressively increased the loadings of pollutants from non-point sources as well as point sources. Accordingly, release of contaminants from non-point sources, released with surface runoff of rainwater, is influenced by atmospheric phenomena, geology, and topography. This makes the control of non-point source difficult. Therefore, this study intends to reveal the characteristics of runoff and particle size distribution to observe the fundamental characteristics of runoff. Experiments were carried out at inner road of research center. Average concentration of runoff ranged from 26.8 to 126.4 mg/L for SS and $COD_{Cr}\;15.3{\sim}117.7mg/L,\;TN\;0.07{\sim}5.16mg/L,\;TP\;0.06{\sim}0.49mg/L$ and heavy metals $0.00{\sim}0.29mg/L$. First flush, indicated wash off of pollutant at first rain, was observed for all types of pollutants. Most pollutants revealed a very close correlation with SS ($R^2=0.93{\sim}0.99$). After analyzing characteristics of particle, particle was finer than that from previously examined data.