• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.34-45
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• 2014

Objectives: This study was designed to investigate intestinal immune system activation and antimetastatic effect of Ojeok-san on cancer cells by oral administration. Methods: Cell viability of Ojeok-san was tested with colon 26-M3.1 carcinoma cells and Peyer's patch cells in vitro. Antimetastatic experiments were conducted in vivo mouse model by using colon 26-M3.1 carcinoma cell. To observe immunomodulating effects of Ojeok-san on Peyer's patch cells, we measured interleukin (IL)-4, GM-CSF. In addition to observing effects of Ojeok-san on hematopoiesis, we measured proliferation of bone marrow cells mediated by Peyer's patch cells in vitro. IgA induction activated in serum and intestinal content was measured to observe the effect of orally administered Ojeok-san on mucosal immune system. After administering Ovalbumin (OVA) with Ojeok-san, Proliferation of Peyer's patch cell was measured to investigate gut immunostimulatory effect. Results: in vitro cytotoxicity analysis, the inhibitory concentration $(IC)_{50}$ of the colon 26-M3.1 carcinoma cell was $890{\mu}g/ml$. $IC_{50}$ of the Peyer's patch cells with LPS was $990{\mu}g/ml$. We found that orally administered Ojeok-san significantly inhibited tumor metastasis in vivo. In addition, the amounts of IL-4 and GM-CSF in the culture supernatant of Peyer's patch cells were significantly increased compared to the control group. The proliferation of bone marrow cell was significantly up-regulated with Ojeok-san. These results indicate that oral administration of Ojeok-san enhances the secretion of hematopoietic growth factors such as GM-CSF and IL-4 from Peyer's patch cells, and these cytokines also act on modulator of bone marrow cell proliferation. After orally administering Ovalbumin (OVA) with Ojeok-san, IgA induction and Proliferation of peyer's patch cell was up-regulated with Ojeok-san. These results means orally administered Ojeok-san activates intestinal immune system and has an inhibitory effect on tumor metastasis. Conclusions: Orally administered Ojeok-san appears to have considerable activity on the anti-metastasis by activation of immune system.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.135-142
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• 2009

Purpose: Ojeok-san(Wuji-san) is one of the most frequently prescribed traditional medicine. To evaluate acute toxicity, ICR mice were treated with Ojeok-san(Wuji-san) administration. Methods: In this study, we investigated the acute toxicity of water-extracted Ojeok-san(Wuji-san). 0(control group), 1250, 2500, and 5000 mg/kg of Ojeok-san(Wuji-san) were orally administered to 20 male and 20 female for 14 days. We observed survival rates, general toxicity, change of body weight, and autopsy. Results: Compared with the control group, we could not find any toxic alteration in all treated groups (1250, 2500 and 5000 mg/kg). Conclusions: $LD_{50}$ of Ojeok-san(Wuji-san) might be over 5000 mg/kg and it is very safe to ICR mice.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.21-30
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• 2021

Objectives: The aim of this study is to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of Ojeok-san and compare the therapeutic effects according to its formation. Methods: We evaluated the anti-inflammatory effects of Ojeok-san using lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced inflammatory animal model. Male SD rats were administered intra-orally with two different formulation types of Ojeok-san according to prescribed dosage. One hour later, to induce inflammatory responses, subsequent intra-peritoneal injection of LPS was conducted. After 5 hours later, serum TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and PGE2 levels were measured by ELISA to assess the alteration of pro-inflammatory markers. Results: In our experiment, regardless of its formation, administration of Ojeok-san decreased TNF-𝛼, IL-1𝛽, IL-6 and PGE2 level in serum. Furthermore, LPS-induced toxicity of liver and kidney was not detected by Ojeok-san administration. Conclusions: The anti-inflammatory effect of Ojeok-san was shown in LPS-induced inflammatory model by decreasing pro-inflammatory markers, and there would be no significant difference in therapeutic effect between two formulation types of Ojeok-san.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.362-367
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• 2013

Ojeok-san has been commonly used to treat low back pain disease. We performed the experiments on simultaneous analysis of 11 compounds and antioxidant effects of Ojeok-san. A HPLC method was established for simultaneous analysis of 11 compounds. The detection wavelengths were set at 230, 254, 280, 320, and 330 nm. The detected 11 compounds from Ojeok-san water extract showed good linearity($r^2{\geq}0.9997$). Limit of detection(LOD) and limit of quantification(LOQ) were 0.04-0.87 ${\mu}g/mL$ and 0.13-2.63 ${\mu}g/mL$, respectively. The antioxidant effects of Ojeok-san water extract were investigated by DPPH and ABTS assays. Ojeok-san water extract significantly increased the DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging effects in a dose-dependent manner. The $RC_{50}$ value of Ojeok-san on DPPH radical was 284.71 ${\mu}g/mL$ and that of ABTS radical was 96.16 ${\mu}g/mL$.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.195-202
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• 2010

Objectives : This study was performed to report adverse events in Ojeok-san extract powders RCT. Methods : 180 patients with LBP were randomized into groups for a double blind, placebo-controlled clinical study. They received Ojeok-san simple Extract, Ojeok-san complex Extract or placebo in powders, orally dissolved 3times a day for 4weeks. During 4weeks, we researched the symptoms and duration of adverse events and Digest ability, Milk hypersensitivity, Starch hypersensitivity, Caramel hypersensitivity, West-med hypersensitivity, Herb-med hypersensitivity in patients who had adverse events. Results : 52patients(28.9%) had adverse events and of them 44patients(28.9%) had lost adverse events naturally. But 5patients(2.8%) were withdrawn from the research because of the adverse events. Most of the symptoms of adverse event was Gastrointestinal symptom(88.3%) and adverse events frequency was not different from Ojeok-san simple Extract, Ojeok-san complex Extract and placebo. Conclusions : Ojeok-san extract powders had adverse events no different from the placebo, which shows that it is a safe drug.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.71-78
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• 2010

Objectives : This survey was accomplished to find out how Korean medical doctors take Ojeok-san prescriptions for low back pain in clinical practice. Methods : The survey questionnaire was developed by the committee of experts who major in acupuncture & moxibustion or statistics for acupuncture clinical trial protocol development. 306 persons having more than 5 years experience were randomly selected from a list of Korean medical doctors. Telephone interviews with them were conducted by the well-trained interviewers between March 21 and April 4 in 2009 and the computerized data were analyzed by STATA 9.0 SE version(Stata Corp, Colleg Station Tex, USA) statistical program. Results : 1. 192 out of 306(65.1%) Korean medical doctors taked Ojeok-san prescriptions for musculoskeletal disorders patients and 183 out of 192(95.3%) Korean medical doctors taked Ojeok-san prescriptions for low back pain treatment. 2. The rate of low back pain patients, '20~30%' was 99 people(33.6%) and the rate of Ojeok-san prescriptions for low back pain treatment, 'below 10%' was 65 people(35.5%). 3. In Ojeok-san effect of low back pain treatment, 'greate effects' 29.5%, 'tolerable effects' 66.7%, 'no effects' 3.8% were selected. In granule extracts effect, 'similar to Original herbs' 9.8%, 'unlike to Original herbs' 90.2% were selected. Conclusions : In our telephone survey, Korean medical doctors taked Ojeok-san prescriptions for low back pain treatment. Further research on this issue is needed.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.19-27
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• 2009

Purpose: This study was carried out to investigate the acute toxicity and safety of fermented Ojeok-san(Wuji-san) extract. Methods: To evaluate the acute toxity and safety, 0(control group), 1250, 2500 and 5000 mg/kg of fermented Ojeok-san(Wuji-san) extract were orally administered to 20 male and 20 female ICR mice. After single administration, we observed survival rates, general toxicity, changes of body weight, and autopsy. Results: Compared with the control group, we could not find any toxic alteration in all treated groups (1250, 2500 and 5000 mg/kg). Conclusions: $LD_{50}$ of fermented Ojeok-san(Wuji-san) extract might be over 5000 mg/kg and it is very safe to ICR mice.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.1-9
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• 2008

Objective : The purpose of this report was to provide the information about activity and safety of Ojeok-san by analyzing domestic/international papers about Ojeok-san. Methods : Domestic/international papers related to Ojeok-san were reviewed and analyzed. These papers were then classified by year, experimental method and subject. Results : The following results were obtained in this study. 1. The studies of Ojeok-san started from 1984 and has continuously increased. The studies were mainly focused on experimental models rather than clinical studies. 2. By subject, papers related to safety were most common with 5 papers among 20 papers. Besides there were papers related to efficacy of analgesic, anti-hyperlipidemic, anti-blood stasis and treatment for uterine myoma. 3. The papers related to safety were mainly focused on the effect of Okeok-san on liver function, renal function or metal concentration of organs such as blood, brain, liver, kidney and bone. Ojeok-san proved to be safe, but more clinical studies regarding the safety are needed hereafter. 4. Papers related to analgesic, anti-pyretic, anti-phlogistic activities of Ojeok-san were in vivo studies, and other papers were about anti-hyperlipidemic activity, apoptosis inducing activity on uterine myeloma cell line and anti blood static activity on hydrocortisone acetate induced blood statis model. 5. Case reports were about anti-lipidemia, analgesic effect for mastalgia/back pain and anxiety disorder due to climacteric changes. Conclusion : Ojeok-san is being used in various ways with analgesic, anti-pyretic, anti-phlogistic, anti-hyperlipidemic, anti-tumor or anti-blood statis activity. However, mechanism study should be conducted at the molecular biology level and more clinical studies on the efficacy of Ojeok-san are needed.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.520-530
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• 2017

Objectives: Gastro-esophageal reflux-induced chronic cough is not easy to diagnose and treat. In this study, three patients diagnosed with this disease were treated with Ojeok-san plus Saengmaek-san. Methods: Three patients with chronic cough, suspected to be gastro-esophageal and reflux-based, were diagnosed according to symptoms and abdominal examinations. They were treated with the herbal medicine, Ojeok-san plus Saengmaek-san. To evaluate the effectiveness of the treatment, a visual analogue scale (VAS) for measuring the severity of a cough and the Korean version of the Leicester Cough Questionnaire (LCQ-K) were used to determine the patients' quality of life. Results: After administration of Ojeok-san plus Saengmaek-san, the severity of the patients' coughing decreased based on VAS scores and quality of life improved based on LCQ-K scores for all patients. Conclusions: Ojeok-san plus Saengmaek-san is a potent therapeutic agent for gastro-esophageal reflux-induced chronic cough.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.40-52
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• 2021

Objective: This study was conducted to investigate the hypoglycemic effect and safety of Ojeok-san in patients with type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Methods: We investigated type 2 diabetes mellitus patients at Kyung-Hee University Korean Medical Hospital who were administered Ojeok-san for at least one day between January 2012 and September 2020, basal characteristics and laboratory tests were reviewed retrospectively. The hypoglycemic effect of Ojeok-san was assessed by comparing fasting blood sugar (FBS) and two hours post-prandial plasma glucose (PP2) levels from before and after taking Ojeok-san. Subgroup analyses were conducted according to baseline hypoglycemic treatments and glycated hemoglobin levels (< or ≥6.5%). The safety of Ojeok-san was assessed by comparing levels of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, γ-glutamyl transferase, blood urea nitrogen, and creatinine. Results: After Ojeok-san administration, FBS and PP2 were significantly reduced to an average of 14.33 mg/dL and 27.67 mg/dL respectively. In the subgroup analysis, PP2 in patients receiving metformin mono therapy was significantly reduced to 28.67 mg/dL, and those receiving a dual therapy of metformin and DPP-4 inhibitor, it was significantly reduced to 32.33 mg/dL. In patients with glycated hemoglobin of lower than 6.5%, FBS was significantly reduced to 12.20 mg/dL, and both FBS and PP2 were significantly reduced, to 15.50 mg/dL and 40.00 mg/dL, respectively, in those with glycated hemoglobin levels of more than 6.5%. The safety profile showed no significant difference after Ojeok-san administration. Conclusions: Ojeok-san has significant hypoglycemic effects in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus who are also taking hypoglycemic agents.