• Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.261-268
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• 2014

Precision screws have a wide range of industrial applications such as electrical and automotive products. To produce screw threads with high precision, not only high precision manufacturing technology but also reliable measurement technology is required. Machine vision systems have been used in the automatic inspection of screw threads based on backlight illumination, which cannot detect defects on the thread surface. Recently, an omnidirectional inspection system for screw threads was developed to obtain $360^{\circ}$ images of screws, based on front light illumination. In this study, the illumination design for the omnidirectional inspection system was modified by adding a light shield to improve the image uniformity. Optical simulation for various shield designs was performed to analyze image uniformity of the obtained images. The simulation results were analyzed statistically using response surface method, from which optical performance of the omnidirectional inspection system could be optimized in terms of image quality and uniformity.

• Korean Journal of Optics and Photonics
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.286-295
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• 2021

A modified catadioptric omnidirectional optical system (MCOOS) using an RGB/NIR CMOS sensor is optically designed for a capsule endoscope with the front field of view (FOV) in visible light (RGB) and side FOV in visible and near-infrared (NIR) light. The front image is captured by the front imaging lens system of the MCOOS, which consists of an additional three lenses arranged behind the secondary mirror of the catadioptric omnidirectional optical system (COOS) and the imaging lens system of the COOS. The side image is properly formed by the COOS. The Nyquist frequencies of the sensor in the RGB and NIR spectra are 90 lp/mm and 180 lp/mm, respectively. The overall length of 12 mm, F-number of 3.5, and two half-angles of front and side half FOV of 70° and 50°-120° of the MCOOS are determined by the design specifications. As a result, a spatial frequency of 154 lp/mm at a modulation transfer function (MTF) of 0.3, a depth of focus (DOF) of -0.051-+0.052 mm, and a cumulative probability of tolerance (CPT) of 99% are obtained from the COOS. Also, the spatial frequency at MTF of 170 lp/mm, DOF of -0.035-0.051 mm, and CPT of 99.9% are attained from the front-imaging lens system of the optimized MCOOS.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.491-497
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• 2016

This study aims to develop a vision inspection system for screw threads. To inspect external defects in screw threads, the vision inspection system was developed using front light illumination from which bright images can be obtained. The front light system, however, requires multiple side images for inspection of the entire thread surface, which can be performed by omnidirectional optics. In this study, an omnidirectional optical system was designed to obtain annular images of screw threads using an image sensor and two reflection mirrors; one large concave mirror and one small convex mirror. Optical simulations using backward and forward ray tracing were performed to determine the dimensional parameters of the proposed optical system, so that an annular image of the screw threads could be obtained with high quality and resolution. Microscale surface defects on the screw threads could be successfully detected using the developed annular inspection system.

• Journal of Institute of Control, Robotics and Systems
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.400-405
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• 2009

A new method for the catadioptric omnidirectional stereo vision with single camera is presented in this paper. The proposed method uses a concave lens with a convex mirror. Since the optical part of the proposed method is simple and commercially available, the resultant omnidirectional stereo system becomes versatile and cost-effective. The closed-form solution for 3D distance computation is presented based on the simple optics including the reflection and the reflection of the convex mirror and the concave lens. The compactness of the system and the simplicity of the image processing make the omnidirectional stereo system appropriate for real-time applications such as autonomous navigation of a mobile robot or the object manipulation. In order to verify the feasibility of the proposed method, an experimental prototype is implemented.

• Journal of Institute of Control, Robotics and Systems
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.88-99
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• 1998

In assembly, misalignment must be detected and compensated for during the mating period, regardless of the complexity of the cross-sectional shape. To this end, we propose a novel omnidirectional image sensing system for assembling parts with complicated shapes(OISSA) and its feasibility for detecting the misalignment between mating parts is shown by a series of simulations. This system encompasses a camera with an optical unit attached to the front of the camera. The optical unit consists of a pair of plane mirrors and a pair of conic mirrors. Utilizing the proposed sensing system, a 2$\pi$ coaxial image of the misalignment along the mating boundary interface between mating parts can be immediately obtained without experiencing self-occlusion.

• Korean Journal of Optics and Photonics
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.88-97
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• 2015

An omnidirectional optical system can be described as a special optical system that images in real time a panoramic image with an azimuthal angle of $360^{\circ}$ and the altitude angle corresponding to the upper and lower fields of view from the horizon line. In this paper, for easy fabrication and compact size, we designed and fabricated a catadioptric omnidirectional optical system consisting of the mirror part of a spherical mirror with a central hole (that is, obscuration), a plane mirror, the imaging lens part of 3 single spherical lenses, and a spherical doublet in the visible light spectrum. We evaluated its image performance by measuring the cut-off spatial frequency using automobile license plates, and the vertical field of view using an ISO 12233 chart. We achieved a catadioptric omnidirectional optical system with vertical field of view from $+53^{\circ}$ to $-17^{\circ}$ and an azimuthal angle of $360^{\circ}$. This optical system cleaniy imaged letters on a car's front license plate at the object distance of 3 meters, which corresponds to a cut-off spatial frequency of 135 lp/mm.

• Journal of Institute of Control, Robotics and Systems
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• v.19 no.11
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• pp.955-959
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• 2013

It is possible to obtain an omnidirectional stereo image via a single camera by using a catadioptric approach with a convex mirror and concave lens. In order to measure three-dimensional distance using the imaging system, the optical parameters of the system are required. In this paper, a calibration procedure to extract the parameters of the imaging system is described. Based on the parameters, experiments are carried out to verify the performance of the three-dimensional distance measurement of a single camera omnidirectional stereo imaging system.

• Korean Journal of Optics and Photonics
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.68-78
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• 2021

A subminiature catadioptric omnidirectional optical system (SCOOS) with 2 mirrors, 6 plastic aspherical lenses, and an illumination system of 6 light emitting diodes, to observe the 360° panoramic image of the inner intestine, is optically designed and evaluated for a capsule endoscope. The total length, overall length, half field of view (HFOV), and F-number of the SCOOS are 14.3 mm, 8.93 mm, 51°~120°, and 3.5, respectively. The optical system has a complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor sensor with 0.1 megapixels, and an illumination system of 6 light-emitting diodes (LEDs) with 0.25 lm to illuminate on the 360° side view of the intestine along the optical axis. As a result, the spatial frequency at the modulation transfer function (MTF) of 0.3, the depth of focus, and the cumulative probability of tolerance at the Nyquist frequency of 44 lp/mm and MTF of 0.3 of the optimized optical system are obtained as 130 lp/mm, -0.097 mm to +0.076 mm, and 90.5%, respectively. Additionally, the simulated illuminance of the LED illumination system at the inner surface of the intestine within HFOV, at a distance of 15.0 mm from the optical axis, is from a minimum of 315 lx to a maximum of 725 lx, which is a sufficient illumination and visibility.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.4108-4114
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• 2015

An image acquisition by using an optical mirror is called as a catadioptric method. The catadioptric imaging method is generally used for acquisition of 360-degree all directional visual information in an image. An exemplar omnidirectional optical mirror is the bowl-shaped hyperbolic mirror. In this paper, a single camera omnidirectional stereo imaging method is studied with an additional concave lens. It is possible to obtain 3 dimensional coordinates of environmental objects from the omnidirectional stereo image by matching the stereo image having different view points. The omnidirectional stereo imaging system in this paper is cost-effective and relatively easy for correspondence matching because of consistent camera intrinsic parameters in the stereo image. The parameters of the imaging system are extracted through 3-step calibration and the performance for 3-dimensional coordinates reconstruction is verified through experiments in this paper. Measurable range of the proposed imaging system is also presented by depth-resolution analysis.

• Korean Journal of Optics and Photonics
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.96-104
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• 2020

A catadioptric omnidirectional zoom optical system using a hybrid lens (COZOSH) that performs simultaneously two functions of a lens and a mirror was designed at the visible wavelength range for daytime unmanned surveillance, and its performance was analyzed. The hybrid lens has lots of advantages in terms of fabrication and assembly of a COZOSH, because of the obviation of a lens boring process and reduction of the number of optical components. Additionally, we designed the COZOSH to expand the compressed inner-image region of a donut image at low spatial frequencies. As a result, the optimized design performance of the optical system that satisfies all initial design specifications was obtained from calculation of the modulation transfer function, spot diagram, and tolerance analysis. We confirmed that the COZOSH is a passively athermalized optical system under conditions of temperature variation from -30℃ to 50℃, by using athermalization analysis during zooming.