• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.133-140
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• 1979

The author compared patients showing two extremes of incisor vertical relationship to find out differences in craniofacial morphology which might influence face height and incisor overbite. The subjects consisted of 53 open-bite cases and the same number of deep-bite cases. The results were as follows: 1. On the average, the lower face height was significantly greater in open-bite cases than in deep-bite cases. 2. In open-bite cases, gonin-menton length was significantly greater than in deep-bite cases. In deep-bite cases, anterior cranial base length and posterior cranial base length were significantly greater in open-bite cases. 3. The jaw angle was significantly greater in open-bite cases. 4. The gonion-menton-nasion angle was significantly greater in deep-bite cases. 5. From geometric standpoint, the increase of jaw and joint angle would increase lower face height, but these two showed negative correlation. 6. The sizes of the jaw and joint angle might be factors of open-bite or deep-bite, but these were not the only variables that determined lower face height. 7. In open-bite cases, there was a closer correlationship between lower face height and the other linear measurments than in deep-bite cases. In deep-bite cases, there was a closer correlationship between lower face height and the other angular measurements than in open-bite cases. 8. Considering both linear and angular measurements of facial polygon, all contributed significantly to the lower face height. The nonsignificant variables were jaw and joint angle in open-bite cases, and anterior cranial base length, jaw angle, and joint angle in deep-bite cases.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.49-55
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• 1974

The author studied the open-bite of 16 males and 25 females aged 20-23 using profile cephalometric roentgenogram and compared with normal occlusion to determine the morphological pattern of open-bite. The following results are obtained. 1) Open-bite patients showed remarkable vertical development of jaws than normal occlusion. 2) Females indicated conspicuous characteristics than males in open-bite. 3) Anterior teeth disclosed low positions in open-bite patients. 4) Mandible revealed obvious morphological features than maxilla in open-bite patients.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.38 no.5
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• pp.284-294
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• 2012

Objectives: The anterior open bite with temporomandibular disorders (TMD) is one of the most challenging cases both orthodontically and surgically. We introduce an intermaxillary traction treatment for patients with anterior open bite and TMD using a skeletal anchorage system (SAS). Materials and Methods: This study was comprised of 52 patients with anterior open bite and TMD. A total of four mini-screws were inserted, two screws each into the maxilla and mandible, to obtain a class II pattern of elastic application with 120-200 g force. Adjunctive muscle relaxation treatments, such as splint therapy, medication, and botulinum toxin injection were applied during or before intermaxillary traction. At least one treatment among adjunctive muscle relaxation treatment, mentioned above, was applied to 96.2% of patients. We evaluated the clinical characteristics of patients, TMD symptom changes, amount of open bite improved. The degree of open bite improvement was compared between the open bite-reduced group (21 patients) and not-reduced group (5 patients). Results: TMD symptoms (muscle/joint pain, joint sound, mouth opening) remained or improved in most patients, and worsened in about 10% of patients for each items. Anterior open bite was improved by a mean of 1.75 mm (P<0.01) during treatment. The open bite-reduced group exhibited a significant open bite improvement compared to the not-reduced group (P<0.05), with 37% of open bite improvement occurring during the first 3 months of treatment. Conclusion: The intermaxillary traction technique using SAS is a valid modality for correction of anterior open bite and improvement of TMD symptoms.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.188-192
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• 2013

Post-traumatic anterior open bite can occur as a result of broken balance among the masticatory muscles. The superior hyoid muscle group retracts the mandible downward and contributes to the anterior open bite. Denervation of the digastric muscle by injection of botulinum toxin type A (BTX-A) can reduce the power of the digastric muscle and help to resolve the post-traumatic anterior open bite. A patient with a bilateral angle fracture had an anterior open bite even after undergoing three operations under general anesthesia and rubber traction. Although the open bite showed some improvement by the repeated operation, the occlusion was still unstable six weeks after the initial treatment. To eliminate the residual anterior open bite, BTX-A was injected into the anterior belly of the digastric muscle. Following injection of BTX-A, the anterior open bite showed immediate improvement. Complication and relapse were not observed during follow-up. Long-standing post-traumatic open bite could be successfully corrected by injection of BTX-A into the anterior belly of the digastric muscle without complication.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.249-259
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• 1985

To analyze the skeletal characteristics of the open bite, the faces of normal occlusion and open bite were measured using a cephalogram. The factors which were greatly different from normal occlusion were selected. The effects of these factors on the incisal overbite and correlation on these factors were studied. The following results were obtained: 1. The 13 factors which comprised the characteristics of the open bite were obtained. (Table 5) 2. The cause and amount of the open bite were dependent on the skeletal angulation than skeletal length. 3. For determining the incisal overbite, most highly correlated single factor was the interincisal angle. 4. The correlation on the selected 13 factors which comprised the characteristics of the open bite was obtained. (Table 6) 5. The open bite was due to combination of various factors than due to single factor. (Table 3,4).

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.25 no.5 s.52
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• pp.641-654
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• 1995

The purpose of this report is to present the cause and treatment of posterior open bite. Posterior open bite is the open bite limited to posterior teeth. These problem usually are attributed to a mechanical interference with the eruption process, either ankylosis or some soft tissue interference. But, in some patient, lateral open bite is due to a disturbance of the eruptive mechanism itself and other disease or side effect following other treatment. Distinguising cause of posterior open bite, lack of eruption due to some external interference with eruption or primary failure of eruption mechanism, is important clinically because this determines the prognosis for orthodontic treatments. The characteristics, differential diagnosis with posterior open bite due to other etiologies and the treatment of these problems are presented and discussed,.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.23 no.3 s.42
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• pp.391-403
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• 1993

For the purpose of investigating mesiodistal axial inclination of posterior teeth in normal occlusion group, open bite and deep bite group and investigating the correlationship between the axial inclination of posterior teeth and overbite of anterior teeth, a cephalometric study was performed on the subjects consisted of normal occlusion group(40), open bite group(71 : Angle's Class I, Class II, division 1 25, Class III 25) and deep bite group(64 : Angle's Class I 23, Class II, division 1 21, Class III 20). Mesiodistal axial inclination of posterior teeth to occlusal, mandibular and palatal plane were measured. The findings of this study were as follows : 1. Upper and lower posterior teeth were more mesially inclined to occlusal plane in open bite group than in deep bite group. 2. Lower posterior teeth were more mesially inclined in deep bite group than in open bite group in Angle's Class II, division 1 malocclusion but there were no significant differences in Angle's Class I and Class III malocclusion. 3. There was no significant correlationship between the axial inclination of posterior teeth to each plane and overbite of anterior teeth in open bite group. 4. There was a significant correlationship between the axial inclination of upeer and lower second premolar to occlusal plane and overbite of anterior teeth in Angle's Class I, Class II, division 1 and Class III malocclusion.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.355-364
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• 2008

Skeletal anterior open bite is a difficult problem to correct in orthodontic treatment. To treat adult patients who have skeletal anterior open bite, we considered two methods. Combination treatment of orthodontics & surgery and camouflage orthodontic treatment. In adults, treatment of severe skeletal anterior open bite consists mainly of surgically repositioning the maxilla or the mandible. However, camouflage therapy is often the treatment of choice for skeletal open bite patients who have mild to moderate skeletal discrepancies when growth modification is no longer possible. But excellent results generally require careful coordination of the orthodontic and surgical phases of treatment. This is a case report of a skeletal anterior open bite patients who were treated with orthodontic treatment and orthognathic surgery. First case was diagnosed as skeletal class I malocclusion & bimaxillary protrusion with anterior open bite, and finally treatment ended for removal of open bite with orthodontic procedure and bimaxillary anterior segmental osteotomy surgery. Second case was diagnosed as skeletal class II malocclusion with open bite & mandibular retrusion, and was treated with only camouflage orthodontics because she feared to have a surgery. In a regular follow up visit after debonding we proposed to the patient advanced genioplasty, and in her agreement her facial esthetics was improved through the surgery.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.152-161
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• 2007

This study was conducted to patients visited oral maxillo-facial surgery, KNUH and the purpose of the study was to assess skeletal and dento-alveolar stability after surgical-orthodontic correction treated by skeletal Class III malocclusion patients with open bite versus non-open bite. This retrospective study was based on the examination of 40 patient, 19 males and 21 females, with a mean age 22.3 years. The patients were divided into two groups based on open bite and non-open bite skeletal Class III malocclusion patients. The cephalometric records of 40 skeletal Class III malocclusion patients (open bite: n = 18, non-open bite: n = 22) were examined at different time point, i.e. before surgery(T1), immediately after surgery(T2), one year after surgery(T3). Bilateral sagittal split ramus osteotomy was performed in 40 patients. Rigid internal fixation was standard method used in all patient. Through analysis and evaluation of the cephalometric records, we were able to achieve following results of post-surgical stability and relapse. 1. There was no significant statistical differences between open bite and non-open bite with skeletal Class III malocclusion patients in maxillary occlusal plane angle of pre-operative stage(p>0.05). 2. Mean vertical relapses of skeletal Class III malocclusion patients with open bite were $0.02{\pm}1.43mm$ at B point and $0.42{\pm}1.56mm$ at Pogonion point. In skeletal Class III malocclusion patients with non-open bite, $0.12{\pm}1.55mm$ at B point and $0.08{\pm}1.57mm$ at Pogonion point. There was no significant statistical differences between open bite and non-open bite with skeletal Class III malocclusion patients in vertical relapse(p>0.05). 3. Mean horizontal relapses of skeletal Class III malocclusion patients with open bite were $1.22{\pm}2.21mm$ at B point and $0.74{\pm}2.25mm$ at Pogonion point. In skeletal Class III malocclusion patients with non-open bite, $0.92{\pm}1.81mm$ at B point and $0.83{\pm}2.11mm$ at Pogonion point. There was no significant statistical differences between open bite and non-open bite with skeletal Class III malocclusion patients in horizontal relapse(p>0.05). 4. There were no significant statistical differences between open bite and non-open bite with skeletal Class III malocclusion patients in post-surgical mandibular stability(p>0.05). and we believe this is due to minimized mandibular condylar positional change using mandibular condylar positioning system and also rigid fixation using miniplate 5. Although there was no significant relapse tendency observed at chin points, according to the Pearson correlation analysis, the mandibular relapse was influenced by the amount of vertical and horizontal movement of mandibular set-back(p=0.05, r>0.304).

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.333-354
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• 1990

This study was designed to analyse vertical dysplasia such as open bite or deep bite in persons with skeletal Class III malocclusion. The subjects consisted of 60 control patients, 40 Class III open bite patients and 40 Class III deep bite patients. The mean age was 19.8 years in the control group, 17.8 years in the Class III open bite group and 16.5 years in the Class III deep bite group. The results were as follows: 1. In Class III malocclusion patients, the characteristics of the vertical dysplasia are under the palatal plane. 2. In Class III malocclusion patients, the items showing the characteristics of the vertical dysplasia are mandibular plane angle, lower gonial angle, lower facial height, dental height & inclination of the upper first molar, interincisal angle, maxillary & mandibular occlusal plane angle. 3. In Class III malocclusion patients, LPFH/LAFH ratio shows the highest significance among the facial height ratios. 4. In Class III malocclusion patients, open bite group has a upward cant of maxillary occlusal plane & downward cant of mandibular occlusal plane. And deep bite group has a downward cant of maxillary occlusal plane & upward cant of mandibular occlusal plane. 5. In Class III malocclusion patients, the molar teeth of the open bite group are measially inclined and those of the deep bite group are upright.