• Proceedings of the KSME Conference
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• 2004.11a
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• pp.202-207
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• 2004

An elastic-plastic finite element analysis of fatigue crack closure is performed for plane strain conditions. The stabilization behavior of crack opening level and the effect of mesh size on the crack opening stress are investigated. In order to obtain a stabilized crack opening level for plane strain conditions, the crack must be advanced through approximately four times the initial monotonic plastic zone. The crack opening load tends to increase with the decrease of mesh size. The mesh size nearly equal to the theoretical plane strain cyclic plastic zone size may provide reasonable numerical results comparable with experimental crack opening data. The crack opening behavior is influenced by the crack growth increment and discontinuous opening behavior is observed. A procedure to predict the most appropriate mesh size for different stress ratio is suggested. Crack opening loads predicted by the FE analysis based on the procedure suggested resulted in good agreement with experimental ones within the error of 5 %. Effect of the distance behind the crack tip on the crack opening load determined by the ASTM compliance offset method based on the load-displacement relation and by the rotational offset method based on the load-differential displacement relation is investigated. Optimal gage location and method to determine the crack opening load is suggested.

• Advances in concrete construction
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.321-331
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• 2023

The effect of fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP) strengthening on the behaviour of reinforced concrete (RC) beams with web openings is studied. It has been observed that the load-carrying capacity and deflection in the presence of an opening reduced by approximately 50% and 75%, respectively. Three-dimensional nonlinear finite models are first validated with the results obtained from experimental data. Thereafter, a series of parametric studies are conducted for the beam with an opening. In the study, it is observed that a square opening shape is critical in comparison to the elliptical and circular-shaped opening. The web opening located near the support is found to be critically compared to the opening in the middle of the beam. Given the critical opening shape situated at the critical location, the increase in FRP layers enhances the load-deformation behaviour of the FRP-wrapped RC beam. However, the load-deformation responses are not significantly improved beyond a certain threshold value of FRP layers.

• Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.24-31
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• 2002

The leak-before-break (LBB) behaviors of a structural component under high and low fatigue loads are an important problem in nuclear power plants, liquid nitrogen gas tankers and chemical plants. This paper is an experimental study to evaluate the crack opening behavior after penetration for plate and pipe specimens. Crack opening displacement after penetration under low fatigue load could be satisfactorily determined at the center of the plate thickness regardless of the specimen size. In the case of high fatigue load, it is shown that the crack opening displacement at the center of a penetrated crack carl be derived using the gross stress, $\sigma$/sug G/, and the front surface crack length, a$\_$s/, together with the back surface crack length, a$\_$b/.

• KIEAE Journal
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.139-146
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• 2015

This is an experimental study on the engineering characteristics of perforated reinforced concrete beams with shells. In the material matter of this study, the water cement ratio put 60%, the ratio of substitution of oyster shells to fine aggregate 30%. And in the structural matter, the form of opening put circle and square, the size of opening as the radius and the length of it changed from one to three times of the beam depth with a change presence and absence of reinforced steel around opening. All thirteen reinforced concrete beam tests composed one standard beam and twelve six beams with the circle and square opening were tested in shear strength under two points loading and compared and analyzed the characteristics of test beams under the same conditions one another. The results of the study showed as followed. 1) The initial crack load value of the opening test beams is similar the standard beam but the maximum load value decreased with increase in proportion of the opening size, in the square opening than the circle opening and in the absence than the presence of reinforced steel. 2) As the difference between the circle opening and the square opening beams is represented 2.17~9.8% in the maximum load value and the load capacity of the square opening suddenly decrease than it of the circle opening, it is judged because of the shortage of concrete section, the concentration of the stress in the corner of the square opening and material influence of shell substitution. 3) The failure figure such as the pattern of the crack and so on is represented brittle failure as the opening size is the bigger and the ratio of substitution is higher because of the lack material properties.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.84 no.5
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• pp.675-684
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• 2022

The conventional single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) system is appropriate for dynamic response analysis of paneltype structures without an opening. However, the typical building structures usually have four-sided fixed walls having an opening. Therefore, it may induce a considerable error when dynamic responses are estimated based on the conventional SDOF system, since the SDOF system cannot consider the effect of an opening during the SDOF analysis. For this reason, this study proposes a new SDOF system to consider the effect of an opening by adjusting its load-mass factor. The load-mass factor can be modified based on the assumption that the behaviors of the four-sided fixed wall with an opening is very similar to the behaviors of the same size wall without an opening, when the uniformly distributed blast loaded area is identical. In order to confirm a feasibility of the proposed SDOF system, a series of numerical simulations were carried out for the four-sided fixed reinforced concrete (RC) wall under a blast load. The dynamic responses estimated from the proposed SDOF system and the conventional SDOF system were compared with the dynamic responses evaluated from the finite element (FE) analysis. Especially, for the maximum dynamic responses except for 50% opening case, the proposed SDOF system had about 1.1% to 25.7% normalized errors while the conventional SDOF system had about 4.1% to 49.1% normalized errors.

• Proceedings of the KSME Conference
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• 2000.04a
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• pp.79-84
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• 2000

Crack closure and growth behavior of physically short fatigue cracks under random loading are Investigated by performing narrow- and wide-band random loading tests for various stress ratios. Artificially prepared two-dimensional, short through-thickness cracks are used. The closure behavior of short cracks under random loading is discussed, comparing with that of short cracks under constant-amplitude loading and also that of long cracks under random loading. Irrespective of random loading spectrum or block length, the crack opening load of short cracks is much lower under random loading than under constant-amplitude loading corresponding to the largest load cycle in a random load history, contrary to the behavior of long cracks that the crack opening load under random loading is nearly the same as or slightly higher than constant-amplitude results. This result indicates that the largest load cycle in a random load history has an effect to enhance crack opening of short cracks.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.271-277
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• 1994

The fatigue crack opening behavior is analyzed using finite element method. Because extremely fine mesh subdivision is required when using constant stress constant strain triangular element, this study uses conventional two dimensional eight node isoparametric elements. Since plasitc zone size is similar to crack propagating length per each load cycle because of relatively large element size, a new analysis model that a crack propagates every two load cycle is suggested. the opening load and crack opening displacement can be obtained accurately by this method.

• International Journal of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.399-408
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• 2015

This paper concentrated on the ultimate uniaxial compressive strength of stiffened panel with opening under lateral load and also studied the design-oriented formulae. For this purpose, three series of well executed experiments on longitudinal stiffened panel with rectangular opening subjected to the combined load have been selected as test models. The finite element analysis package, ABAQUS, is used for simulation with considering the large elasticplastic deflection behavior of stiffened panels. The feasibility of the numerical procedure is verified by a good agreement of experimental results and numerical results. More cases studies are executed employing nonlinear finite element method to analyze the influence of design variables on the ultimate strength of stiffened panel with opening under combined pressure. Based on data, two design formulae corresponding to different opening types are fitted, and accuracy of them is illustrated to demonstrate that they could be applied to basic design of practical engineering structure.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers
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• v.16 no.8
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• pp.1493-1502
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• 1992

The purpose of this study is to identify the effects of loading variables on fatigue crack opening behavior, using structural steel SS41. To use various stress ratios, three kinds of the methods varying stress ratio were used; .DELTA.P const., P$_{max}$ const., and P$_{min}$ const.. To measure the opening load, the direct measuring method which measures the distance between two micro indentations 20 .mu.m behind crack tip and the elastic compliance method were used. As the results of present study, the following conclusions are obtained. First, using the direct measuring method, it was possible to measure the COD at any location behind crack tip. Second, as measuring point becomes farther from crack tip, opening load becomes smaller. Third, the acceleration of da/dN near notch is due to crack opening behavior. Finally, opening ratio is a function of not only R, but .DELTA.K.K.K.

• International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.365-375
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• 2017

An experimental evaluation of crack propagation and post-cracking behavior in steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC) beams, using full-field displacements obtained from the digital image correlation technique is presented. Surface displacements and strains during the fracture test of notched SFRC beams with volume fractions ($V_f$) of steel fibers equal to 0.5 and 0.75% are analyzed. An analysis procedure for determining the crack opening width over the depth of the beam during crack propagation in the flexure test is presented. The crack opening width is established as a function of the crack tip opening displacement and the residual flexural strength of SFRC beams. The softening in the post-peak load response is associated with the rapid surface crack propagation for small increases in crack tip opening displacement. The load recovery in the flexural response of SFRC is associated with a hinge-type behavior in the beam. For the stress gradient produced by flexure, the hinge is established before load recovery is initiated. The resistance provided by the fibers to the opening of the hinge produces the load recovery in the flexural response.