• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.583-593
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• 2019

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between the frequency score of wearing personal protective equipment (PPE) and concentration of urinary organophosphorus pesticide metabolites in farmers. Methods: The study was conducted in Chungcheongnam-do Province of South Korea. We collected urine samples from 308 farmers from September to December 2017 and May to July 2018. Among them, 17 farmers with urinary creatinine levels outside the normal range were excluded. Information on the frequency of wearing PPE was obtained from the farmers through face-to-face survey. Each frequency of wearing for seven types of PPE was converted into a score and expressed as a total score, which was divided into quartiles. Four types of urinary organophosphorus pesticide metabolites were analyzed using a gas chromatography mass selective detector. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to identify concentrations of urinary organophosphorus pesticide metabolites affected by the frequency of wearing PPE. Results: The average frequency score of wearing PPE was 8.0. The quartiles of frequency score of wearing PPE were divided as follows: 1st quartile (≤1), 2nd quartile (1-6), 3rd quartile (6-12), and 4th quartile (>12). Compared with subjects with a low frequency score of wearing PPE (reference), subjects with a high frequency score of wearing PPE (4th quartile) had lower concentrations of urinary diethyl phosphate (DEP) (p<0.01) and dialkyl phosphate (ΣDAP) (p<0.05), which is the sum of dimethyl phosphate (DMP), DEP, dimethyl thiophosphate (DMTP), and diethyl thiophosphate (DETP). Conclusion: Concentrations of urinary organophosphorus pesticide metabolites were associated with frequency score of wearing PPE. Particularly as the frequency score of wearing PPE increased, concentrations of urinary DMP, DEP, DETP, and ΣDAP significantly decreased. The findings of this study can contribute to the management of health effects among farmers working with pesticides.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.41-47
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• 2014

This study was performed to evaluate the exposure level of organophosphorus and pyrethroid pesticide to floriculture workers and florists. The urinary dialkylphosphates, metabolites of organophosphorus insecticides, including dimethylphosphate (DMP), diethylphosphate (DEP), dimethylthiophosphate (DMTP), diethylthiophosphate(DETP) and pyrethroids of metabolites, cis/trans DCCA, DBCA, and 3-PBA were analysed to evaluate the exposure of organophosphorus and pyrethroid pesticide to floriculture workers and florists. The concentration of DMP is highest in floriculture workers. but the concentration of DETP is highest in retail florist. The concentration of 3-PBA is highest in floriculture workers. The amount of organophosphorus and pyrethroid pesticide expusure is highest in flower workers, wholesale florist and retail florists are followed. The management for reducing pesticide exposure to floriculture workers and wholesale florist is required.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.743-746
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• 2005

A dipstick-type immunochemical biosensor for the detection of the organophosphorus insecticide fenthion was developed using a screen-printed electrode system as an amperometric transducer with polyclonal antibodies against fenthion as a bioreceptor. The assay of the biosensor involved competition between the pesticide in the sample and pesticide-glucose oxidase conjugate for binding to the antibody immobilized on the membrane. This was followed by measurement of the activity of the bound enzyme by the supply of the enzyme substrate (glucose) and amperometric determination of the enzyme reaction product ($H_2O_2$). The activity of the bound enzyme was inversely proportional to the concentration of pesticide. The optimized sensor system showed a linear response against the logarithm of the pesticide concentration ranging from $10^{-2}$ to $10^3\;{\mu}g/L$.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.929-935
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• 2007

The objective of this study was to develop a rapid, simple, and qualitative acetylcholinesterase (AChE)- detection kit, based on a modification of the Ellman and ELISA methods, for the detection of organophosphorus (OP) and carbamate (CB) pesticide. The developed kits were used to screen a large number of agricultural samples (spiked and real) for OP and CB pesticide residues. AChE was extracted from the heads of honeybees (Apis mellifera L.) using Triton X-100, and was purified through 3 steps: diethylaminoethylcellulose chromatography (DEAE), affinity chromatography and membrane filtering, and Mono-Q column chromatography. Epoxy-activated Sepharose 6B affinity chromatography was used for large-scale purification. The presence of OP and CB pesticide residues in agricultural samples was assayed on the basis of AchE inhibition value. The presence (6 bands) or absence of some colored bands on the test line indicated a negative or positive result, respectively. The limits of detection for measured organophosphorus (OP) and carbamates (CB) pesticide residues in standard pesticide solutions and fortified samples were ranged from 0.50 to 2.50 ppm and 0.50 to 4.75 ppm, respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.471-476
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• 1998

The NO3 contents and organophosphorus pesticide residues in edible part of vegetables cultivated by a conventional or an organic farming methods were determined. The NO3 contents of vegetables cultivated by the organic farming method were between 120ppm and 4,523ppm, whereas its contents of vegetables cultivated by the conventional farming method were between 89ppm and 1,575ppm. Fifty two percent of vegetables cultivated by hte organic farming method accumulated NO3 content over than 2,000ppm, whereas 82% vegetables cultivated by the conventional farming method accumulated NO3 content below than 1,000ppm. The NO3 contents of lettuce dependent on the cultivation method obviously. The NO3 contents of lettuce cultivated by a hydroponic farming method were between 4,800 and 6,500ppm, whereas those cultivated by the conventional method were between 630 and 750ppm. The organophosphorus pesticide residues in edible part of vegetables cultivated by the conventional or the organic farming methods were not detected. The NO3 contents in edible part of vegetables cultivated by the organic farming method should be considered as one of several parameters to judge a real safe vegetable to be certified by goverment.

• Proceedings of the Korean Environmental Sciences Society Conference
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• 1997.10a
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• pp.37-39
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• 1997

Pesticide residues were extracted with 70% acetone and transferred to dichloromethane. Extracts were applied to open-column chromatography with florisil and alumina-N, The final extract was analyzed by gas chromatography with electron-capture detector(GC/ECD) and nitrogen-phosphorus detector(GC/NPD). Recoveries of the 17 organochlorine pesticides were ranged from 60.8 to 84.9% and those of 15 organophosphorus pesticides, from 70.5 to 100.0%(except phosmet and azinphos-methyl). The minimum detectable levels of this analytical method were low (0.021-0.058 mg/kg).

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.99-105
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• 1996

An attempt was made to determine the residual distribution of organochlorine and organophosphorus pesticides in the various kinds of Korean tea which were purchased form the maket. The organochlorine pesticides investigated in this study were BHC, DDT and dicofol and the organophoshorus pesticides were diazinon, EPN, fenitrothion and parathion. The pesticide residues were determined by GC-ECD and BHC was detected in all the samples and it's level were ranged from 0.00064 po 0.05995 ppm and it's average was 0.00682 ppm and DDT, dicofol and organophosphorus pesticides were not detected in all samples. The organophophorus pesticides were detected(0.0035∼0.0983 ppm) in raw materials but were not in the manufactured material and it is considered that the largely components of the pesticides is removed by drying and high temperature while the tea was manufactured. The recovery tests of the pesticides gave satisfactory results showing an average yield of 97.6% with organochlorine pesticides and 92.5% with organophoshorus pesticides and the detection limits level were 0.00008 ppm to 0.0010 ppm.

• BMB Reports
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.440-445
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• 2001

Pesticide waste and chemical stockpiles are posing a potential threat to both Vie environment and human health. There is currently a great effort toward developing effective and economical methods for the detoxification of these toxic organophosphates. In terms of safety and economy, enzymatic biodegradation has been recommended as the most promising tool to detoxify these toxic materials. To develop an enzymatic degradation method to detoxify such toxic organophosphorus compounds, a gene encoding organophosphorus acid anhydrolase (OPAA) from genomic DNA of Alteromonas haloplanktis C was subcloned and expressed. The enzyme consists of a single polypeptide chain with a molecular weight of 48 kDa. It demonstrates strong hydrolyzing activity on sarin, an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor. Moreover, its high activity is sustained for a considerable length of time. It is projected that the recombinant OPAA can be applied as an enzymatic tool that can be used not only for the detoxification of pesticide wastes, but also for the demilitarization of chemical stockpiles.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.226-236
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• 2009

The performance of phytoremediation has proven effective in the removal of nutrients and metals from aqueous systems. However, little information is available regarding the behavior of pesticides and their removal pathways in aquatic environments involving plant-uptake. A detailed understanding of the kinetics of pesticide removal by plants and information on compound/plant partition coefficients can lead to an effective design of the phytoremediation process for anthropogenic pesticide reduction. It was determined that the reduction rates of four organophosphorus (OP) and two organochlorine (OC) pesticides (diazinon, fenitrothion, malathion, parathion, dieldrin, hexachlorobenzene [HCB]) could be simulated by first-order reaction kinetics. The magnitude of k was dependent on the pesticide species and found within the range of 0.409 - 0.580 $d^{-1}$. Analytical results obtained by mass balances suggested that differential chemical stability, including diversity of molecular structure, half-lives, and water solubility, would greatly influence the removal mechanisms and pathways of OPs and OCs in a phytoreactor (PR). In the case of OP pesticides, plant accumulation was an important pathway for the removal of fenitrothion and parathion from water, while pesticide sorption in suspended matter (SM) was an important pathway for removal of dieldrin and HCB. The magnitude of the pesticide migration factor (${\Large M}_p^{pesticide}$) is a good indication of determining the tendency of pesticide movement from below- to above-ground biomass. The uncertainties related to the different phenomena involved in the laboratory phyto-experiment are also discussed.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.172-180
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• 2016

This study was conducted to evaluate the relations between the exposure level of organophosphates (OPs) pesticide and application factors among rural farmers. The urinary dialkylphosphates, metabolites of organophosphorus pesticides, including DMP, DEP, DMTP and DETP were analyzed by GC/MSD and GC/MS/MS. The DMP and DMTP were detected more in the use of a speed sprayer without cap than with a capped one. Also, the less farmers wore the personal protective equipment (PPE), the more these were detected. The amount of organophosphorus exposure was the highest in the use of a power sprayer. However, it was low when a farmer applied pesticides with a speed sprayer with cap and wore more PPE. In this study, the detection rate was analyzed by chi-square test, the exposure level of OPs was analyzed by a generalized linear model.