• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제47권4호
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• pp.366-377
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• 2021

Background: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are generated in petrochemical complexes, can spread to residential areas and affect the health of residents. Although harmful PAHs are mainly present in particle phase, gas phase PAHs can generate stronger toxic substances through photochemical reaction. Therefore, the risk assessment for PAHs around the petrochemical complex should consider both particle and gas phase concentrations. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the concentration characteristics of particle and gas phase PAHs by season in residential areas around petrochemical complexes, and to assess the risk of PAHs. Methods: Samples were collected for 7 days by seasons in 2014~2015 using a high volume air sampler. Particle and gas phase PAHs were sampled using quartz filter and polyurethane foam, respectively, analyzed by GC-MS. Chronic toxicity and probabilistic risk assessment were performed on 14 PAHs. For chronic toxicity risk assessment, inhalation unit risk was used. Monte-Carlo simulation was performed for probabilistic risk assessment using the mean and standard deviation of measured PAHs. Results: The concentration of particle total PAHs was highest in autumn. The gas phase concentration was highest in autumn. The average gas phase distribution ratio of low molecular weight PAHs composed of 2~3 benzene rings was 85%. The average of the medium molecular weight composed of 4 benzene rings was 53%, and the average of the high molecular weight composed of 5 or more benzene rings was 9%. In the chronic toxicity risk assessment, 7 of the 14 PAHs exceeded the excess carcinogenic risk of 1.00×10^-6. In the Monte-Carlo simulation, Benzo[a]pyrene had the highest probability of exceeding 1.00×10^-6, which was 100%. Conclusions: The concentration of PAHs in the residential area around the petrochemical complex exceeded the standard, and the excess carcinogenic risk was evaluated to be high. Therefore, it is necessary to manage the air environment around the petrochemical complex.

• 분석과학
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.269-277
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• 2010

본 연구는 화석 연료를 소비하는 산업 등과 같이 인위적인 활동 과정에서 불완전 연소로 인하여 주로 발생하는 PAHs류의 지역적 분포 및 발생원 규명을 위하여 수행하였다. 서울지역 대기시료를 채취하여 분석한 결과, 서울 도심과 외곽 지역의 대기 중 입자상과 가스상을 합한 총 PAHs 평균농도는 관악지역이 $16.52\;ng/m^3$, 서대문 지역은 $59.10\;ng/m^3$로 조사되었으며, 주로 phenanthrene, fluoranthene, pyrene, fluorene이 전체 PAH의 55.6% (관악)와 60.8%(서대문)를 차지하고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 또한, 두 지역의 PAHs의 발생원을 파악한 결과 관악과 서대문 지역 모두 대기 중 PAHs의 발생원은 동일하고, 특히 서대문 지점에서는 자동차에 의한 영향이 큰 것으로 나타났다.

• 공업화학
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.210-216
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• 2006

광양만 연안 표면 퇴적토를 대상으로 미국 EPA가 선정한 유해성 우선물질 16종 PAHs 화합물에 대한 특성 및 모니터링 조사를 수행하였다. 선정된 23개 지점에 대한 PAHs 조사결과 농도 수준은 최소 0.01에서 최고 171.39 mg/kg 수준이었으며, 평균값은 $8.13{\pm}24.8mg/kg$ 이었다. 광양만 PAHs의 주요 유입원은 광양제철 옆 태인도, 수어천, 그리고 여수산업단지 내의 월래천이었으며, 오염수준은 각각 114.81 mg/kg, 38.37 mg/kg, 19.05 mg/kg로 측정되었다. 또한, 세부분으로 나뉜 퇴적토 입자크기에 따른 PAHs 분석결과 입자크기가 작고 퇴적토 내 유기물함량과의 관계에서는 함량이 높을수록 PAHs의 오염도도 증가하는 양의 상관관계를 보였다. LMW/HMW, Phe/Ant, Fle/Pyr PAHs 농도비를 이용한 PAHs 발생원에 대한 연구 결과는 광양만 전역에서 열분해 산물의 특성을 나타냈고, 일부 지역에서 열분해 산물과 유류산물의 혼합된 구성형태를 관찰할 수 있었다. 이외에 광양만 PAHs 고정 유입원으로 보이는 세 지점에대한 저서생태계에 미치는 독성영향평가에서는 발암가능성이 높은 PAHs가 주로 축척된 태인도가 ERM 수준이상으로 나타났고, 수어천과 월래천은 ERL 수준이었다.

• 한국생물공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국생물공학회 2000년도 춘계학술발표대회
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• pp.89-91
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• 2000

Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) compounds are highly carcinogenic chemicals and common groundwater contaminants that are observed to persist in soils. The adherence and slow release of PAHs in soil is an obstacle to remediation and complicates the assessment of cleanup standards and risks. Biological degradation of PAHs in soil has been an area of active research because biological treatment may be less costly than conventional pumping technologies or excavation and thermal treatment. Biological degradation also offers the advantage to transform PAHs into non-toxic products such as biomass and carbon dioxide. Ample evidence exists for aerobic biodegradation of PAHs and many bacteria capable of degrading PAHs have been isolated and characterized. However, the microbial degradation of PAHs in sediments is impaired due to the anaerobic conditions that result from the typically high oxygen demand of the organic material present in the soil, the low solubility of oxygen in water, and the slow mass transfer of oxygen from overlying water to the soil environment. For these reasons, anaerobic microbial degradation technologies could help alleviate sediment PAH contamination and offer significant advantages for cost-efficient in-situ treatment. But very little is known about the potential for anaerobic degradation of PAHs in field soils. The objectives of this research were to assess: (1) the potential for biodegradation of PAH in field aged soils under denitrification conditions, (2) to assess the potential for biodegradation of naphthalene in soil microcosms under denitrifying conditions, and (3) to assess for the existence of microorganisms in field sediments capable of degrading naphthalene via denitrification. Two kinds of soils were used in this research: Harbor Point sediment (HPS-2) and Milwaukee Harbor sediment (MHS). Results presented in this seminar indicate possible degradation of PAHs in soil under denitrifying conditions. During the two months of anaerobic degradation, total PAH removal was modest probably due to both the low availability of the PAHs and competition with other more easily degradable sources of carbon in the sediments. For both Harbor Point sediment (HPS-2) and Milwaukee Harbor sediment (MHS), PAH reduction was confined to 3- and 4-ring PAHs. Comparing PAH reductions during two months of aerobic and anaerobic biotreatment of MHS, it was found that extent of PAHreduction for anaerobic treatment was compatible with that for aerobic treatment. Interestingly, removal of PAHs from sediment particle classes (by size and density) followed similar trends for aerobic and anaerobic treatment of MHS. The majority of the PAHs removed during biotreatment came from the clay/silt fraction. In an earlier study it was shown that PAHs associated with the clay/silt fraction in MHS were more available than PAHs associated with coal-derived fraction. Therefore, although total PAH reductions were small, the removal of PAHs from the more easily available sediment fraction (clay/silt) may result in a significant environmental benefit owing to a reduction in total PAH bioavailability. By using naphthalene as a model PAH compound, biodegradation of naphthalene under denitrifying condition was assessed in microcosms containing MHS. Naphthalene spiked into MHS was degraded below detection limit within 20 days with the accompanying reduction of nitrate. With repeated addition of naphthalene and nitrate, naphthalene degradation under nitrate reducing conditions was stable over one month. Nitrite, one of the intermediates of denitrification was detected during the incubation. Also the denitrification activity of the enrichment culture from MHS slurries was verified by monitoring the production of nitrogen gas in solid fluorescence denitrification medium. Microorganisms capable of degrading naphthalene via denitrification were isolated from this enrichment culture.

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.37-53
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• 1993

The polynuclear hydrocarbons (PAHs) emitted from coke oven standpipe were sampled using three sampling systems, including glass fiber filter+silver membrane filter, glass fiber filter+silver membrane filter+XAD-2 adsorbent tube, PTFE membrane filter+XAD-2 adsorbent tube, extracted by methylene chloride and analysed by gas chromathography using flame ionization detector. The results of this study were as follows. 1. Because the amounts of coke oven emissions(COE) were large, the analyses of PAHs were simple and possible without evaporation and concentration. Although the generation of COE was high during early stage of coking, the airborne concentration of PAHs was low and increased during late coking. 2. The contents of PAHs in COE were 1.35-2.81%. 3. The index components of PAHs were fluoranthene and pyrene. Their correlation coefficient to total PAHs were 0.96, 0.95, respectively. 4. The particulate PAHs were sampled by filter and gaseous PAHs by adsorbent tube. The collection efficiency of glass fiber filter+silver membrane filter was 20% of total amount sampled by filters+adsorbent and PTFE membrane filter 50%. Adsorbent tube must be attached to the filter to collect light and small PAH components. 5. The generation of acenaphthene and indeno (1,2,3-cd) pyrene were low and concentrations of fluorene and anthracene were $20-40ug/m^3$ throughout coking time. Other PAH eoncentrations were sometimes high. The generation of PAHs was low at 4-6 hours of coking time. The gaseous PAHs were generated earlier than particulate PAHs.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.141-147
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• 2004

Sixteen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were analyzed in seventy marine organisms (40 species) from the Korean coast. PAHs were present in all the organisms. The level of total PAHs in the organisms varied from 0.45 to 224 ng/g dry weight and the carcinogenic PAHs varied from 0.05 to 49.8 ng/g dry weight. The PAHs residues according to the marine organisms showed a highest content in bivalve species, and followed by crustaceans, cephalopods, fish and gastropods. Human dietary intake of total PAHs through marine organism in Korea was estimated to be 4.12 ng/kg body weight/day and 0.67 ng/kg body weight/day for carcinogenic PAHs. The relative contributions of individual species to the total dietary intake of PAHs were in the order of bivalves $(53.4{\%})$, fish $(21.9{\%})$, crustaceans $(15.3{\%})$, cephalopods $(8.8{\%})$ and gastropods $(0.6{\%})$. Daily dietary intake of $PAH_{TEQ}$ expressed as a TEQ value was estimated to be 0.13 pg TEQ/kg body weight/day, which did not exceed a tolerable daily intake (TDI) proposed by the KFDA and the WHO as well as the UK toxicity committee. Lifetime cancer risk due to ingestion of marine species by the Korean adult was evaluated using the equation estimating exposure of food ingestion. Although approximately $23{\%}$ of cumulative frequency of the sampled marine species exceeded the cancer risk guideline, lifetime cancer risk associated with marine organism consumption was negligible. Results indicate that dietary intake of PAHs through the consumption of the Korean marine organisms seems to be safe for human ingestion with negligible cancer risk.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.15-23
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• 2016

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are primarily formed as a result of thermal treatment of food, especially barbecuing or grilling. Contamination by PAHs is due to generation by direct pyrolysis of food nutrients and deposition from smoke produced through incomplete combustion of thermal agents. PAHs are ubiquitous compounds, well-known to be carcinogenic, which can reach the food in different ways. As an important human exposure pathway of contaminants, dietary intake of PAHs is of increasing concern for assessing cancer risk in the human body. In addition, the risks associated with consumption of barbecued meat may increase if consumers use cooking practices that enhance the concentrations of contaminants and their bioaccessibility. Since total PAHs always overestimate the actual amount that is available for absorption by the body, bioaccessibility of PAHs is to be preferred. Bioaccessibility of PAHs in food is the fraction of PAHs mobilized from food matrices during gastrointestinal digestion. An in vitro human digestion model was chosen for assessing the bioaccessibility of PAHs in food as it offers a simple, rapid, low cost alternative to human and animal studies; providing insights which may not be achievable in in vivo studies. Thus, this review aimed not only to provide an overview of general aspects of PAHs such as the formation, carcinogenicity, sources, occurrence, and factors affecting PAH concentrations, but also to enhance understanding of bioaccessibility assessment using an in vitro digestion model.

• 대한의생명과학회지
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.143-152
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• 2005

To investigate the exposure effect of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), we analyzed the relationship between urinary 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) concentration and PAHs exposure. The study population contained 44 workers in steel-pipe coating and paint manufacture industries. We measured airborne total PAHs as an external dose, urinary 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP) as an internal dose of PAHs exposure, and urinary 8-OHdG as an effective dose of oxidative DNA damage. There was significant correlation between the urinary concentration of l-OHP and the environmental concentration of PAHs, pyrene, urinary cotinine, AST, and GGT. The mean of urinary 8-OHdG was $17.07\pm1.706{\mu}g/g$ creatinine in workers exposed to airborne PAHs. There was significant correlation between the urinary concentration of 8-0HdG and the airborne concentration of PAHs. From the results of stepwise multiple regression analysis about 8-OHdG, significant independents was total PAHs. In this study, there were significant correlation between the urinary concentration of 8-OHdG and the airborne concentration of PAHs. The urinary 1-OHP was effective index as a biomarker of airborne PAHs in workplace. But it was influenced by non-occupational PAHs source, smoking and biomarkers of liver function test.

• 분석과학
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.296-303
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• 2008

본 연구에서는 유류 오염 토양 중에 함유 되어 있는 다환방향족탄화수소류(PAHs)의 시험방법을 확립하고자 수행되었다. 토양 중 PAHs 시험방법으로 미국 EPA 및 ISO 시험방법 등을 비교검토하고 국내 오염 토양에 대한 적용성을 검토한 결과, 유류 오염토양의 분석을 위해서는 알루미나 전처리 방법이 보다 효율적인 것으로 나타났으며, 휘발성이 큰 naphthalene, acenaphthene, acenaphthylene, fluorene 등 4종을 제외한 PAHs 12종에 대한 회수율이 67~107%범위로 나타나 이들 물질에 대한 시험방법을 마련하였다. 또한, 유류로 오염된 토양 5점을 선정하여 시험방법에 대한 적용성 시험 결과, 분석대상 12종 PAHs는 모든 시료에서 $78.68{\sim}275.57{\mu}g/kg$로 검출되었으며, 이중 phenanthrene, pyrene, chrysene 등은 전체 농도의 약 70%로 대부분의 비율을 차지하였다. 특히 BaP의 경우 농도범위는 $1.76{\sim}24.65{\mu}g/kg$으로 나타났다.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.129-138
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• 2004

Determination of some PAHs in ambient air at Ulsan have been carried out by collection of the components into n-hexane followed by synchronous spectrofluorimetric technique. 10 PAHs, such as acenaphthene (Ace), anthracene (Anth), benz[a]anthracene (BaA), benzo[b]fluoranthene (BbFt), benzo[k]fluoranthene (BkFt) benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), chrysene (Chry), phenanthrene (Phen), fluoranthene (Ft), perlyrene (Per), and pyrene (Pyr) in air samples were able to determine separately by synchronous spectrofluorimetry. Calibration curves for those components were linear for the concentration range of 0.2∼166ppb PAHs with the correlation factor of 0.9985∼0.9999. The predominant contribution was phenanthrene which was included 36.9∼85.1% to the overall level of the 10 PAHs in some areas. Also benzo[a]pyrene which was known to carcinogenicity was detected from 6.4 to 55.8ng/㎥, benzo[a]anthracene of some areas was contained from 21.9∼153ng/㎥.