• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.59 no.4
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• pp.170-176
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• 2015

In vaccine development, the major points may be induction of effective and increased levels of antibody production. This is especially the case when the antigenic sources are carbohydrates. For many years, thus, we have researched various types of formulations such as liposomal and conjugate vaccines. However, the fastidious formulation process and high costs are a problem. For this reason, there is currently a focus on utilizing immunoadjuvants. In this present study, we tested if platycodin D (PLD) from Platycodon Radix have immunoadjuvant activity against the cell wall of Candida albicans (CACW). The resulting data showed that in the murine model of antibody production, CACW combined with PLD [CACW/PLD/IFA] increased the production of antibodies specific to C. albicans when compared to the antibody production by [CACW/IFA]-induction, which was used as a negative control (P<0.05). In the case of [CACW/PLD/IFA], the antibody production was 1.4 times as that of the CFA. In addition, formulations containing either had a prolonged antibody inducing activity maintaining the initial titers of antibody as compared to the CFA formula. Cytokine profiling with the antisera displayed that the PLD produced both Th1 and Th2 immunoresponses, but Th1 dominant was much greater (P<0.05). Furthermore, [CACW/PLD/IFA] formula enhanced resistance of mice against disseminated candidiasis, whereas the CFA had no such effect. In conclusion, PLD has an immunologic activity, which is protective against the disease. Thus, PLD can be a goof candidate for a new immunoadjuvant in development of the fungal vaccine.

• Proceedings of the Korea Contents Association Conference
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• 2009.05a
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• pp.1118-1123
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• 2009

Ten hospitals from the Gwangju area were used to examine shallow dose to eyes and thyroid from panoramagraphy. Thermoluminescent dosimeter (TLD) and Photoluminescent dosimeter (PLD) were used as measurement devices at each hospital. ICRP 60 and ICRP 73 set standards for acceptability for eyes at 15mSv and thyroid at 1mSv per year. Left eye measures with TLD and PLD resulted in 0.19mSv and 0.24mSv respectively. Right eye measures with TLD and PLD resulted in 0.23mSv and 0.25mSv respectively. Thyroid measures with TLD and PLD resulted in 0.08mSv and 0.25mSv respectively with both measures not exceeding standards for acceptance. There was a significant difference in comparing the left eye and thyroid for TLD and PLD (p<0.01). There was no significant difference with the right eye (p>0.05). The absorbed dose measurements for eyes and thyroid using TLD and PLD in regards to panorama devices at each hospital were within the ICRP 60 recommendations; however, with the possibility of stochastic effect, all dose levels were taken into consideration.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.691-698
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• 2006

Phospholipase D (PLD) is known to play an important role in a variety of cells. However, little is known about $CoCl_2-mediated$ PLD signaling. In this study we demonstrated for the first time that $CoCl_2$ stimulates PLD activity and increases expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), which is known to mediate inflammatory reaction. $CoCl_2-induced$ PLD activity was assessed by measuring the formation of $[^3H]$ phosphatidylbutanol (PtdBut), the product of PLD-mediated transphosphatidylation, in the presence of 1-butanol. To study mechanism of PLD signaling induced by $CoCl_2$, U87 human glioblastoma cells were stimulated by $CoCl_2$ and regulators of PLD activity induced by $CoCl_2$ were investigated using several inhibitors of signaling proteins. Moreover, PLD activation by $CoCl_2$ increased not only expression of COX-2 protein but also COX-2 promoter activity. In summary, these results suggest that $CoCl_2$ increases expression of COX-2 protein via PLD in human U87 glioblastoma cells.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2005.11a
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• pp.264-266
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• 2005

Manufacture of OLED device used thermal evaporation method. However thermal evaporation method has many defect as thermal damage of substrate, difficult of dopant rate control and low utilization of organic materials. so we suggest PLD(Pulsed Laser Deposition) method that solution of these problems. PLD method has many advantage as without thermal damage, easy indicate of deposition rate per one pulse and good utilization of organic materials. In this paper we apply the PLD method for manufacture of device so we present high efficiency device manufacture using PLD method that has good deposition uniformity, surface rough and deposition rate.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.40 no.11
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• pp.805-813
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• 2017

The role of phospholipase D (PLD) in cancer development and management has been a major area of interest for researchers. The purpose of this mini-review is to explore PLD and its distinct role during chemotherapy including anti-apoptotic function. PLD is an enzyme that belongs to the phospholipase super family and is found in a broad range of organisms such as viruses, yeast, bacteria, animals, and plants. The function and activity of PLD are widely dependent on and regulated by neurotransmitters, hormones, small monomeric GTPases, and lipids. A growing body of research has shown that PLD activity is significantly increased in cancer tissues and cells, indicating that it plays a critical role in signal transduction, cell proliferation, and anti-apoptotic processes. In addition, recent studies show that PLD is a downstream transcriptional target of proteins that contribute to inflammation and carcinogenesis such as Sp1, $NF{\kappa}B$, TCF4, ATF-2, NFATc2, and EWS-Fli. Thus, compounds that inhibit expression or activity of PLD in cells can be potentially useful in reducing inflammation and sensitizing resistant cancers during chemotherapy.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.211-216
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• 2004

A bacterial strain JE-ll found to produce active extracellular phospholipase D (PLD) was selected from the soil isolates. It was identified as Streptomyces somaliensis on the basis of 16S rDNA sequence analysis, morphological and physiological characteristics. The gene (sspld) encoding S. somaliensis PLD was isolated and characterized. The open reading frame was suggested to encode 538 amino acids with a signal peptide of 33 amino acids. The deduced amino acid sequence of the sspld shared a sequence similarity of 70-88％ with PLDs of other Streptomyces sp. so far reported. The PLD converted phosphatidylcholine to phosphatidylglycerol or phosphatidylserine with the yield of 96 to 99％ (㏖/㏖), but did not act on inositol or ethanolamine as a transphosphatidylation donor.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
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• 1994.04a
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• pp.274-274
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• 1994

본 연구에서는 토끼신장 근위세뇨관 일차배양세포에서 브라디키닌의 생리작용이 phospholipase D (PLD)에 의해 매개되는지를 살펴 보기위해 PLD 효소반응의 특이한 성질인 transphosphatidylation 반응의 생성물인 phosphatidylethanol (PEth) 의 세포내 양을 측정함으로 PLD 효소의 관련성을 규명할 수 있었다. 시간경과에 따른 phosphatidic acid (PA) 및 diacylglycerol (DAG) 의 생성을 살펴본 결과 PA가 DAG보다 먼저 생성되어 최고치 (30초)에 도달하였고 DAG는 1분이후부터 5분까지 서서히 생성되는 양상을 나타내었다. 또한 0.5에서 5％까지의 에탄올 존재하에 PA 및 PE소 생성량을 비교해본 결과 에탄올량이 증가함에 따라 PA는 감소하는 반민 PEth 의 생성은 계속 증가하였다. 한편 브라디키닌 농도 변화 실험에서는 브라디키닌농도가 증가함에 따라 PA 및 PEth 둘다 생성이 증가되었다. 이러한 결과로부터 토끼신장 근위세뇨관 세포막에 존재하는 브라디키닌수용체는 브라디키닌에 의해 activation 시 PLD를 직접적으로 활성화시켜 그들의 작용을 세포내로 전달한다는 사실을 알 수 있었다. 또한 PLD 효소활성의 activator로 수용체효능 제외에 칼슘이온, protein kinase C (PKC) 등이 몇몇 다른 실험에 의해 밝혀져 있고, G protein 역시 PLD 효소 활성을 조절하는 역할이 있음이 알려졌다. calcium ionophore 및 칼슘채널길항제인 verapamil을 이용한 실험에서 우리는 브라디키닌의 PLD 활성화는 칼슘이온에 의존적인 경로 및 비의존적인 경로가 같이 존재함을 알수 있었다. 또한 브라디키닌의 PLD 활성화기전이 PKC 의존적인지를 살펴보기위해 PKC activator(PMA) 및 inhibitor (staurosporine)를 이용한 실험에서 브라디키닌은 신장세포에서 PKC를 통하여 PLD를 활성화시킴으로 신호전달을 하는 것으로 추측되었다. 마지막으로 가수분해안되는 G protein 유도체인 GTPrS 및 G protein 활성물질 NaF, 백일해독소등을 이용한 실험에서 G protein 의 PLD 조절활성을 확인할 수 있었다.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.244-250
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• 2012

The results of analyzing the difference between performances of individual dosimeters on this research subjecting the PLD and TLD, which are the official personal dosimeters, through dosimetry are as follows. After scanning the integral dose using an automatic scanner, the values of two devices that went through dose adjustment process had a statistical difference in TLD and PLD measurements under each filming conditions which were 70kVp, 200mA, 0.012sec and 42kVp, 100mA, and 0.012sec (p<0.001 and p<0.001 respectively). As for the difference of measurement value between DAP and the two particles under 70kVp, 200mA, 0.012sec filming condition, TLD had a value lower than DAP average value by $44.2mGy{\cdot}cm^2$ and PLD had a value of $246.8mGy{\cdot}cm^2$ which was lower than DAP average value by $15.5mGy{\cdot}cm^2$, while under 42kVp, 100mA, 0.012sec filming condition, TLD had a value lower than DAP average value by $17.9mGy{\cdot}cm^2$ and PLD had a value of $82.6mGy{\cdot}cm^2$ which was lower than DAP average value by 7.6$mGy{\cdot}cm^2$. Also, compared to PLD, each of 10 devices measured dose value in TLD had a larger deviation between the particles, and for a reproducibility test which repeatedly measured one particle, PLD had ${\pm}1%$ which was lower than TLD's ${\pm}2%$. As such, PLD had a superior performance result in dose measurement capacities aspect compared to TLD, and therefore we could verify that PLD is more appropriate and advantageous in managing radiation-related task performing worker's personal radiation exposure management in the diagnostic radiation field.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.197-206
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• 1997

Purpose : Phospholipase D (PLD) catalyzes the hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine to phosphatidic acid (PA) and choline. Recently, PLD has been drawing much attentions and considered to be associated with cancer Process since it is involved in cellular signal transduction. In this experiment, oleate-PLD activities were measured in various tissues of the living rats after whole body irradiation. Materials and Methods : The reaction mixture for the PLD assay contained $0.1\;\muCi\;1,2-di[1-^{14}C]palmitoyl$ phosphatidylcholine 0.5mM phosphatidylcholine, 5mM sodium oleate, $0.2\%$ taurodeoxycholate, 50mM HEPES buffer(pH 6.5), 10mM $CaCl_2$, and 25mM KF. phosphatidic acid, the reaction product, was separated by TLC and its radioactivity was measured with a scintillation counter. The whole body irradiation was given to the female Wistar rats via Cobalt 60 Teletherapy with field size of 10cmx loom and an exposure of 2.7Gy per minute to the total doses of 10Gy and 25Gy. Results : Among the tissues examined, PLD activity in lung was the highest one and was followed by kidney, skeletal muscle, brain, spleen, bone marrow, thymus, and liver. Upon irradiation, alteration of PLD activity was observed in thymus, spleen, lung, and bone marrow. Especially PLD activities of the spleen and thymus revealed the highest sensitivity toward $\gamma-rar$ with more than two times amplification in their activities In contrast, the PLD activity of bone marrow appears to be reduced to nearly $30\%$. Irradiation effect was hardly detected in liver which showed the lowest PLD activity. Conclusion : The PLD activities affected most sensitively by the whole-body irradiation seem to be associated with organs involved in immunity and hematopoiesis. This observation s1ron91y indicates that the PLD is closely related to the physiological function of these organs, Furthermore, radiation stress could offer an important means to explore the phenomena covering from cell Proliferation to cell death on these organs.

• BMB Reports
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.7-13
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• 2012

Phospholipase D (PLD), a superfamily of signaling enzymes that most commonly generate the lipid second messenger Phosphatidic Acid (PA), is found in diverse organisms from bacteria to man and functions in multiple cellular pathways. A fascinating member of the family, MitoPLD, is anchored to the mitochondrial surface and has two reported roles. In the first role, MitoPLD-generated PA regulates mitochondrial shape through facilitating mitochondrial fusion. In the second role, MitoPLD performs a critical function in a pathway that creates a specialized form of RNAi required by developing spermatocytes to suppress transposon mobilization during meiosis. This spermatocyte-specific RNAi, known as piRNA, is generated in the nuage, an electron-dense accumulation of RNA templates and processing proteins that localize adjacent to mitochondria in a structure also called intermitochondrial cement. In this review, we summarize recent findings on these roles for MitoPLD functions, highlighting directions that need to be pursued to define the underlying mechanisms.