• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.83-89
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• 1998

The occurrence of postharvest disease of apple was surveyed from 1995 to 1997 in the major apple-producing area in Korea. Ten genera including Alternaria spp., Botryosphaeria dothidea, Botrytis cinerea, Fusarium spp., and Penicillium spp. were isolated from the decayed apple fruits. Of these, B. cinerea, Penicillium spp. and Fusarium spp. were frequently isolated and were highly pathogenic to apple fruits. Optimum temperature of mycelial growth for Penicillium spp. ranged from 10 to $30^{\circ}C$ and that of mycelial growth for B. cinerea and Alternaria spp. ranged from 5 to $30^{\circ}C$. Optimum temperature of sporulation of Penicillium spp. and Alternaria spp. ranged $15{\sim}25^{\circ}C$ and $10{\sim}20^{\circ}C$, respectively. Occurrence of postharvest disease of apple increased in neglecting selection of wounded fruits before storing apples. Most of these fungi causing postharvest diseases such as Penicillium spp, Botrytis cinerea and Alternaria spp. were isolated from healthy fruits sampled at apple orchard. These results suggested that posthavest diseases of apple were originated from apple fruits contaminated from apple orchard and occurred during storage. In addition, five fungicides including prochloraz EC, fenari EC, captan WP, benomyl WP and folpet WP suppressed posthavest diseases when they sprayed on apple fruits at 30 days before harvesting.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.119-126
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• 1991

ABSTRACT - This study was performed to investigate the possible effect of Lactobacillus spp. on the growth and citrinin production by Penicillium citrinum. Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Lactobacillus casei were grown with Pen. citrinum in modified APT broth containing 7% of glucose and incubated at $30^{\circ}C$ for 15 days. Four inoculation procedures were used; (a) Lactobacillus spp. and Pen. citrinum were grown alone(Pc, Lb, and Lc), (b) both organisms were added simultaneously(ST; Pc+Lb and Pc+Lc), (c) Lactobacillus spp. was grown 3 days, then conidia of Pen. citrinum were added(LbPc and LcPc), and (d) Pen. citrinum was grown 3 days, then Lactbacillus spp. was added (PcLb and PcLc). At 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15 days of incubation, the growth of each organism, pH and total acidity of broth, and content of citrinin were determined. Lactobacillus spp. and Pen. citrinum, when grown associatively, influenced the growth of each other. It was observed that slower growth of Pen. citrinum when in the presence of Lactobacillus spp. than when the mold grew alone. Production of citrinin by Pen. citrinum was markedly less in the mixed culture. No apparent growth and toxin production was observed when the Lactobacillus spp. was grown 3 days, then conidia of Pen. citrinum were added(LbPc and LcPc). The above results indicate that another microorganism or competing microflora in the culture can affect the behavior of Pen. citrinum.trinum.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Plant Pathology Conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.115.1-115
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• 2003

Post-harvest decay, caused by Penicillium spp. is a serious problem of fruits worldwide. Morphological characteristics and molecular markers were used to characterize 22 Penicillium isolates from apples, 18 isolates from pears, 60 from oranges and 18 from grapes and 23reference isolates representing related Penicillium spp. to assess their diversity and resolve their taxonomy. Based on morphological and physiological characteristics, the isolates were grouped as identical or very similar to P. digitatum, P. italicum, P. ulaiense or very similar to P. crustosum, P. expansum, P. solitum and unidentified Penicillium spp. Based on sequence comparisons of ITS region, variable site were presented within and among the species, but there variation were not correlated with the species. Cluster analyses of AP-PCR fragment patterns using UP and L45 primer and the -tubulin gene sequence, the Penicillium species were segregated into distinct groups. Particularly. the -tubulin partial sequence data provided support for species concepts based on morphological and physiological characteristics.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.407-417
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• 2021

In order to investigate frequency of fungal contamination in ginseng sprout, we collected 18 types of retail ginseng sprouts and analyzed them. Overall frequency of fungal contamination ranged from 113.3 to 174.1% with the highest occurrence of Penicillium spp. Fungal detection rate was significantly higher in moss than in stem, leaf and root of ginseng sprout. Penicillium spp. occurred in leaf and stem with the highest incidence and Fusarium spp., in root. Among Penicillium spp. and Fusarium spp., P. olsonii and F. oxysporum were dominant, respectively. Nine Fusarium species, Aspergillus westerdijkiae, Aspergillus flavus, and 11 Penicillium species were identified by phylogenetic analysis. PCR screening of mycotoxigenic potential revealed that 19 out of 25 isolates tested were positive for respective mycotoxin biosynthetic gene. Two 2 A. flavus and 11 A. westerdijkiae isolates produced varying amount of aflatoxin or ochratoxin A in czapek yeast extract brothsome of which showed high levels of mycotoxin production. These results suggests a need for continuous monitoring and management program to control fungal contamination in the ginseng sprout production chain.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.37-44
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• 2001

The biological effects of the iminoctadine tris (albesilate) and kresoxim-methyl for the protection of citrus postharvest diseases caused by penicillium spp. were assayed. In vitro tests, $EC_{50}$ values of iminoctadine tris(albesilate) were $0.01{\sim}0.02\;and\;0.01{\mu}g$ a.i./mL against mycelial growth of P. italicum and P. digitatum, respectively, but iminoctadine tris(albesilate) at $0.64{\mu}g$ a.i. /mL inhibited a little mycelial growth of unknown Penicillium sp. which produced another symptom different to blue and green mold caused by P. italicum and P. digitatum, respectively. And against germination and growth of germ tube of P. italicum and P. digitatum, $EC_{50}$ value of iminoctadine tris(albesilate) was $0.0013{\sim}0.0025{\mu}g$ a.i./mL. But spore germination of unknown Penicillium spp. was not nearly inhibited at $0.2{\mu}g$ a.i./mL. $EC_{50}$ values of kresoxim-methyl were $0.08{\sim}0.16$, 0.04 and $0.16{\mu}g$ a.i./mL against mycelial growth of P. italicum, P. digitatum and unknown Penicillium sp., respectively, and $0.04{\sim}0.08{\mu}g$ a.i./mL and $0.01{\sim}0.02{\mu}g$ a.i./mL against germination and growth of germ tube of P. italicum and unknown Penicillium sp., and P. digitatum, respectively. Iminoctadine tris(albesilate) and kresoxim-methyl were markedly effective to control the postharvest disease by 7 days spray prior to harvest. When the fruits were sprayed with iminoctadine-tris(albesilate) ($200{\mu}g$ a.i./mL) and kresoxim-methyl ($155{\mu}g$ a.i./mL) 7 days prior to harvest and subsequently stored for 90 days, the percentage of diseased fruit by Penicillium spp. was $3.6{\pm}1.8%$ in treatment of kresoxim-methyl and $5.9{\pm}1.8%$ in iminoctadine-tris(albesilate), respectively. On the other hand, tile percentage of diseased fruit was relatively high, $20.3{\pm}10.0%\;and\;19.5{\pm}9.6%$ in thiophanate-methyl ($700{\mu}g$ a.i./mL) and non-treatment, respectively. Maximum residue amount (ppm) among fruits (flesh and peel) assayed 0, 30, 60 and 90 days after storage was 0.45 and 0.10 ppm in treatment of kresoxim-methyl and iminoctadine, respectively.

• Mycobiology
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.36-38
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• 2007

Stored rice was collected from rice processing complexes of National Agricultural Cooperative Federation of 11 regions in Korea to evaluate the occurrence of fungi and bacteria and to identify the predominant fungi and bacteria to the genus levels. Most rice samples generally produced the higher levels of fungi and bacteria than white rice. The occurrence of fungi and bacteria varied in various locations of Korea. Among fungi observed, Aspergillus spp. and Penicillium spp. were dominant in the samples and Aspergillus spp. were observed more frequently than Penicillium spp. Predominant bacteria from rice and white rice samples tentatively belonged to the Genus Bacillus, Pectobacterium, Pantoea, and Microbacterium according to BIOLOG and FAME analyses. The results of this study showed that rice in Korea was contaminated in a relatively high level by two dominant storage fungi such as Aspergillus spp. and Penicillium spp. In addition, occurrence of mycotoxins in rice by the fungi could be possible and thus it is necessary to control the storage fungi.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.263-268
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• 1983

In a survey of seed-borne mycofloras of Glycine max, 21 species have been isolated. Alternaria tenuis, Aspergillus spp., Cercospora kikuchii, Penicillium spp. and Fusarium spp. were the predominant fungi. C. kikuchii was isolated more often from purple stained seed than from unstained seed, and Fusarium spp., Phomopsis sp., Aspergillus spp. and Penicillium spp. were isolated less frequently in stained than unstained seeds. In inoculation experiments, C. kikuchii, Colletotrichum dematitum, Phomopsis sp. produced mild to severe symptoms on leaves when suspension of their conidia and mycelia were sprayed on to plants. In soil inoculation experiments, Fusarium oxysporum, F. moniliforme and F. semitectum showed pathogenicity causing seed rot and seedling blight.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.14 no.8
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• pp.793-800
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• 2005

We isolated and identified microorganisms from the aerial environment of domestic museums. The fungi, Penicillium spp., Alternaria spp., and Cladosporium spp. were isolated in many museums. It seems that these fungi are related to biological degradation of textile remains. A total of 14 kinds of bacterial strains were isolated: Acinetobacter spp., Pseudomonas spp., Neisseria spp., Alcaligenes spp., Shigella spp., Klebsiella spp., Corynebacterium spp., Aerococcus spp., Bacillus spp., Micrococcus spp., Citrobacter spp., Erwinia spp., Salmonella spp., and Providencia spp. Acinetobacter spp., Pseudomonas spp., Neisseria spp., and Alcaligenes spp. were the predominate bacteria found in samples with a variety of bacteria. This suggests that there is a relationship between bacteria and the damage of textile remains. In the museum, we isolated Alternaria spp, Geotrichum spp., Penicillium spp. Acinetobacter spp., Pseudomonas spp., Alcaligenes spp. from the entrance, exhibit hall and storage, but they were found in smaller number and species in the exhibit cases and paulownia cases. We concluded that paulownia cases were not influenced by the microorganisms because of quality of care provided by the museum staff. Corynebacterium spp., and Bacillus spp. were not detected at the entrance and exhibit hall but were detected in paulownia cases. It is presumed that those bacteria did not flow in from outside, but resulted from contaminants in paulownia cases. In the distribution of microorganisms associated with textile remains, more fungi were detected than bacteria. Acinetobacter spp., Pseudomonas spp., and Neisseria spp., were isolated from silk items. Penicillium spp. and Cladosporium spp. were isolated in the silk and hump items. Aspergillus spp. and Penicillium spp. were isolated from the cotton items. On the other hands, there were no fungi strains in the wool items. Most of the isolated strains from textile remains were aerial microorganisms from the museum environment. These results suggest that textile remains were apt to contaminated by contact with the air.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.36-39
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• 1984

The present survey was undertaken to determine the mycoflora of broiler houses. Attempts were made to isolate and identify fungi in the dust, feed, litter and water from 21 broiler houses. A total of 166 isolates of fungi was identified as yeast spp. (44%), Aspergillus spp. (30.7%), Verticillium spp. (7.2%), Penicillium spp. (3.6%), Paecilomyces spp. (3.6%), Scopulariopsis spp. (3.0%), Cephalosporium spp. (3.0%), Chrysosporium spp. (2.4%), Cladosporium spp. (1.8%) and Absidia spp. (0.6%). Isolated of Aspergillus(A) spp. and Penicillium(P) spp. were identified as A. fumigatus, A. flavus, A. terreus, A. nidulans, A. niger, P. citrinum and P. palitan. Fungal contamination of the broiler houses predominated in the dust. The important point is that must of the isolates were pathogenic fungi.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.66-77
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• 2024

Black wood ear mushroom (Auricularia auricula-judae) is one of the most economically important mushrooms in China, Japan, and Korea. The cultivation of wood ear mushrooms on artificial substrates is more efficient in terms of time and cost compared with their natural growth on trees. However, if the substrate cultivation is infected by fast-growing fungi, the relatively slow-growing ear mushroom will be outcompeted, leading to economic losses. In this study, we investigated the competitive fungal isolates from substrates infected with fast-growing fungi for the cultivation of ear mushrooms in Jangheung and Sunchon, Korea. We collected 54 isolates and identified them by sequencing their internal transcribed spacer region with morphological identification. Among the isolates, the dominant isolates were Trichoderma spp. (92.6%), Penicillium spp. (5.6%), and Talaromyces sp. (1.8%). To find an appropriate eco-friendly biocontrol agent, we used five Streptomyces spp. and Benomyl, as controls against Trichoderma spp. and Penicillium spp. Among the six Streptomyces spp., Streptomyces sp. JC203-3 effectively controlled the fungi Trichoderma spp. and Penicillium spp., which pose a significant problem for the substrates of black wood ear mushrooms. This result indicated that this Streptomyces sp. JC203-3 can be used as biocontrol agents to protect against Trichoderma and Penicillium spp.