• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.82-89
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• 2018

To investigate the occurrences of resting cysts of Diplopsalis and Protoperidinium species, sediment trap samples were collected from Gamak Bay, Korea. Based on the germination experiments, nine species of order Peridiniales were identified; cyst of Diplopsalis lebourae, cyst of Protoperidinium excentricum, cyst of Protoperidinium sp. cf. nudum, cyst of Protoperidinium obtusum, cyst of Protoperidinium ventricum, cyst of Protoperidinium sp.1, cyst of Protoperidinium sp.2, Protoperidinium sinuosum (Brigantedinium majusculum) and unidentified Peridiniales.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.251-264
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• 2017

A study searching for unrecorded and taxonomically undescribed indigenous species has been conducted since 2006. Samples were collected from many sites in coastal waters and offshore in Korea as well as around Jeju Island. Since 2008 we have found 13 unrecorded species belonging to family Diplopsaliaceae, Heterocapsaceae, Kolkwitziellaceae, Protoperidiniaceae and Thoracosphaeraceae. The species are as follows, Preperidinium meunieri (2014), Heterocapsa ovata (2015), H. pseudotriquetra (2015), Diplopsalis lenticula (2008), Protoperidinium abei (2009), P. diabolus var. longipes (2010), P. depressum (synonym: P. parallelum (2008)), P. latispinum (2016), P. punctulatum (2010), P. solidicorne (synonym: P. spinosum (2010)), P. subpyriforme (2010), P. pacificum (2013), Scrippsiella hexapraecingula (2009) (note; The numbers in parenthesis refer to the year that the species was reported as unrecorded indigenous species by National Institute of Biological Resources, NIBR hereafter). Among these, 5 species were described as newly recorded species in Korean waters, and 8 were re-described in this study.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.252-259
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• 2018

A research probing for the unrecorded and taxonomically undescribed indigenous species has been initiated since 2006. Samples were collected from an intertidal zone along the coasts of Korea as well as around the Jeju Island. We have found five unrecorded species of four genera belonging to the order Dinophysiales, Gymnodiniales, Peridiniales, and Prorocentrales. The species are as follows, Sinophysis canaliculata (2017) Bispidodinium angelaceum (2015), Cabra armorica (2016), Prorocentrum bimaculatum (2017), and P. tsawwassenense (2017) (note; The numbers in parenthesis refer to the year in which the species was reported as unrecorded indigenous species by National Institute of Biological Resources, NIBR hereafter).

• ALGAE
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.57-67
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• 2007

We analyzed the nuclear-encoded large subunit ribosomal RNA gene (LSU rDNA) sequences of 19 dinoflagellates occurring in costal waters off Korea and reconstructed a phylogenetic tree containing 74 representative species from 37 distinct genera. Of these, the LSU rDNA sequences of Amylax triacantha (Jörgensen) Sournia, Gonyaulax verior Sournia (= Amylax diacantha Meunier), Gyrodinium fissum (Levander) Kofoid et Swezy, Katodinium glaucum (Lebour) Lebour III, Noctiluca scintillans (Macartney) Kofoid et Swezy, Oxyphysis oxytoxoides Kofoid, and Pyrophacus steinii (Schiller) Wall et Dale are reported for the first time. Our LSU rDNA tree consistently placed Oxyrrhis marina Dujardin and N. scintillans at the most primitive positions, giving rise to a strongly supported monophyletic group of typical dinoflagellate species belonging to the Dinophyceae. The phylogenetic relationships among the typical dinoflagellates, however, were not resolved in the higher taxonomic levels in general. Only genera at terminal branches were usually supported with high confidence. The Dinophysiales, represented by Dinophysis species and O. oxytoxoides, formed a strongly supported monophyletic assemblage. The Gymnodiniales and Peridiniales were recovered as polyphyletic groupings. Members of the Gonyaulacales were consistently grouped together, but lacked statistical support. Within this order, the Ceratiaceae and Goniodomataceae each formed a monophyletic group, but the Gonyaulacaceae was polyphyletic. The phylogenetic relationships of the Gonyaulacaceae were generally congruent with differences in the combinations of the apical pore complex, hypothecal organization and thecal formula.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.250-254
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• 1998

Harmful micro algae isolated from Korean coastal waters, were tested with FITC-conjugated lectins and observed by epifluorescent microscopy to distinguish each other. Strain-specific sugar composition at the cell surface was suggested by the affinity of lectins to different microalgae. The micro algae Cochlodinium polykrikoides (CP-1) and Gymnodinium $A_3\;(GA_{3-1}\;1)$, are morphologically similar, but exhibited different binding activity with the lectins ECA, HPA and WGA. In Peridiniales, the micro alga Alexandrium tamarense (AT) bound HPA and WGA, but Scrippsiella trochoidea (ST-1) did not bind those lectins. Three species of Prorocentrum also exhibited different binding specificity with HPA, PHA and SBA. A non­toxic Korean isolate of Heterosigma akashiwo (HA-2) bound ConA, PEA and UEA. These results suggest that lectins are useful in discriminating morphologically similar species, as well as different species or strains within the same genus.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.141-150
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• 2015

Dinoflagellates are ubiquitous and important primary producers in the oceans. They have diverse trophic modes, i.e., phototrophic, heterotrophic, and mixotrophic modes and thereby, play important ecological role in marine microbial food-web. While many studies have been focused on planktonic dinoflagellates in pelagic ecosystems, benthic, sand-dwelling dinoflagellates that inhabit in intertidal zone have been very poorly documented worldwide. We investigated biodiversity, occurrence, and molecular phylogeny of benthic, sand-dwelling dinoflagellates from the intertidal flat of Dongho, west coast of Korea during low-tide, monthly from November 2012 to February 2014. About 27 species of 13 genera in orders Gonyaulacales, Gymnodiniales, Peridiniales, Prorocentrales have been identified, of which members in the genus Amphidinium constituted a major part of the sand-dwelling dinoflagellates in this area. A total of 34 isolates from 16 species of the sand-dwelling dinoflagellates were isolated from Dongho, Mohang, Gamami, and Songho in the west coast and Hyupjae in Jeju of Korea, their 28S rDNA sequences were successfully amplified, and applied for molecular phylogenetic analyses. In the 28S rDNA phylogeny, Amphidinium species diverged across three major clusters within the order Gymnodiniales and formed polyphyletic group. Based on the unambiguously aligned partial 28S rDNA sequences including variable D2 region, the genotypes of Amphidinium mootonorum Korean strains greatly differed from that of Canadian strain with 19.2% of pairwise nucleotide difference, suggesting that further ultrastructural studies may provide additional characters to clearly separate these genotypes. Two potential toxic species, Amphidinium carterae and A. operculatum appeared occasionally during this study. Quantitative assessment and toxicity of those species should be addressed in the future.

• ALGAE
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.7-21
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• 2019

The genus Heterocapsa is one of the major dinoflagellate groups, with some of its species having worldwide distributions. However, prior to the present study, the phototrophic species Heterocapsa minima has been reported only from the northeast Atlantic Ocean. Recently, H. minima was found in the Korean waters, and a clonal culture was established. This culture was used to examine the morphology of the Korean strain H. minima HMMJ1604 through light and scanning electron microscopy, as well as for its genetic characterization. Furthermore, to determine the nationwide distribution of H. minima in Korea, its abundance was quantified in the waters of 28 stations in all four seasons in 2016-2018 using the quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction method. The overall morphology of H. minima HMMJ1604 was very similar to that of the Irish strain H. minima JK2. However, the Korean strain had five pores around the pore plate, whereas the Irish strain had six pores. When properly aligned, the sequences of the large subunit and internal transcribed spacer regions of the ribosomal DNA of the Korean strain were identical to those of the Irish strain. This species was detected in the waters of 26 out of 28 stations, but its abundance was greater than $1.0cells\;mL^{-1}$ at 8 stations. The highest abundance of H. minima was $44.4cells\;mL^{-1}$. Although this species was found in all seasons, its abundance was greater than $1.0cells\;mL^{-1}$ when the water temperature and salinity were $10.9-25.0^{\circ}C$ and 17.5-34.1, respectively. To the best knowledge, the present study reported for the first time that H. minima lives in the Pacific Ocean and is widely distributed in the Korean waters.