• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.517-524
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• 2003

There have been worldwide research and development efforts to automate various processes of bio-production and those efforts will be expanded with priority given to tasks which require high intensive labor or produce high value-added product and tasks under hostile environment. In the field of bio-production capabilities of the versatility and robustness of automated system have been major bottlenecks along with economical efficiency. This paper introduces a new concept of automation based on tole-operation, which can provide solutions to overcome inherent difficulties in automating bio-production processes. Operator(farmer), computer, and automatic machinery share their roles utilizing their maximum merits to accomplish given tasks successfully. Among processes of greenhouse watermelon cultivation tasks such as pruning, watering, pesticide application, and harvest with loading were chosen based on the required labor intensiveness and functional similarities to realize the proposed concept. The developed system was composed of 5 major hardware modules such as wireless remote monitoring and task control module, wireless remote image acquisition and data transmission module, gantry system equipped with 4 d.o.f. Cartesian type robotic manipulator, exchangeable modular type end-effectors, and guided watermelon loading and storage module. The system was operated through the graphic user interface using touch screen monitor and wireless data communication among operator, computer, and machine. The proposed system showed practical and feasible way of automation in the field of volatile bio-production process.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.511-516
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• 2003

Computer vision technology has been utilized as one of the most powerful tools to automate various agricultural operations. Though it has demonstrated successful results in various applications, the current status of technology is still for behind the human's capability typically for the unstructured and variable task environment. In this paper, a man-machine interactive hybrid decision-making system which utilized a concept of tole-operation was proposed to overcome limitations of computer image processing and cognitive capability. Tasks of greenhouse watermelon cultivation such as pruning, watering, pesticide application, and harvest require identification of target object. Identifying water-melons including position data from the field image is very difficult because of the ambiguity among stems, leaves, shades. and fruits, especially when watermelon is covered partly by leaves or stems. Watermelon identification from the cultivation field image transmitted by wireless was selected to realize the proposed concept. The system was designed such that operator(farmer), computer, and machinery share their roles utilizing their maximum merits to accomplish given tasks successfully. And the developed system was composed of the image monitoring and task control module, wireless remote image acquisition and data transmission module, and man-machine interface module. Once task was selected from the task control and monitoring module, the analog signal of the color image of the field was captured and transmitted to the host computer using R.F. module by wireless. Operator communicated with computer through touch screen interface. And then a sequence of algorithms to identify the location and size of the watermelon was performed based on the local image processing. And the system showed practical and feasible way of automation for the volatile bio-production process.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.90-95
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• 2002

A study was carried out to optimize the cleanup step using a solid-phase extraction (SPE) cartridge, $SupelClean^{TM}$ Florisil, for multiresidue analysis of 16 pesticides in cucumber matrix. Eluting efficiencies of two solvent systems including acetone/n-hexane and ethyl acetate/n-hexane mixtures were critically evaluated by recoveries of target anaytes from the SPE Florisil column. Based on the recovery as a measure of eluting efficiency, an acetone/n-hexane (20/80,v/v) mixture provided more than 80% recovery for 15 pesticides except bifenthrin. In case of ethyl acetate/n-hexane, 14 pesticides showed recoveries higher than 75% while those far alachlor and bifenthrin were less than 30%.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.130-136
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• 2003

An organophosphorus insecticide, chlorpyrifos and an arylnitrile fungicide, chlorothalonil commonly used far apple were subjected to a residual investigation under field conditions to ensure safety of terminal residues at harvest. After pesticides were applied at standard rate in apple tree fer 15 days for chlorpyrifos and 30 days far chlorothalonil, persistence of their residues in apple was investigated by several interval. At harvest, residual concentrations of chlorpyrifos and chlorothalonil in apple were 1.3 and 2.4mg/kg, respectively, and the residue levels were higher than MRL 1.0 mg/kg in Korea. As well fitted by the first-oder kinetics, biological half-lives of the pesticide residues in apple were 9.3 days for chlorpyrifos and 32.2 days for chlorothalonil. During the storage, half-lives of chlorpyrifos and chlorothalonil were 35.0 and 56.3days at room temperature, and 120.7 and 182.8 days at 412, respectively. Distribution of chlorpyrifos residue in flesh, fruit skin and stalk cavity of each apple corresponded to 0.1% 22.8% and 77.1%, respectively. In case of chlorothalonil, residue in flesh, fruit skin and stalk cavity was 4.4%, 10.4% and 85.2%, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.152-156
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• 2012

BACKGROUND: This research has investigated the residue patterns of insecticide flubendiamide on three species of peaches with different surface forms, and the residue amounts of them when mixed with a spreader. METHODS AND RESULTS: Pesticide used for field application on peaches was 20% flubendiamide of suspension concentrate(SC) and was sprayed at a recommended rate. The residue amounts of flubendiamide in peach were analyzed by HPLC equipped with UV detector. After the observation with a microscope, the rank of fuzz amount on peach's surface was Kurakatawase, Wolmi in descending order and Cheonhong did not have any fuzz. The residue amounts of flubendiamide were 0.54 mg/kg for Kurakatawase, 0.43 mg/kg for Wolmi and 0.10 mg/kg for Cheonhong, respectively. When flubendiamide was used with a spreader, polyoxy ethylene methylpoly siloxane, the residue amount for Kurakatawase barely changed at 0.55 mg/kg regardless of mixing with a spreader, and at 0.53 mg/kg for Wolmi. In Cheonhong, the residue amount was 0.48 mg/kg, which increased by 4.8 times due to the use of a spreader. CONCLUSION: This result indicates that the residue amounts of flubendiamde were affected by the surface forms of peaches, and in the presence of a spreader the residue amount did not increase in fuzzy species, but was affected greatly for species without fuzz.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.269-278
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• 2017

BACKGROUND: The objective of this study was to evaluate screening method of residual multi pesticides in dead birds by Orbitrap high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) to identify the cause of death for birds. METHODS AND RESULTS: Extraction and clean-up method of residual pesticides in liver of dead birds was used QuEChERS (Quick Easy Cheap Effective Rugged and Safe) and method validations was conducted using liquid chromatography and gas chroamtography with triple-quadrupole mass spectrometer (LC/MS/MS and GC/MS/MS) Also, we were evaluated screening method for the determination of residual pesticides in liver of dead birds by LC and GC Orbitrap Mass Spectrometry. Results of method validations, Correlation coefficients of the matrix matched calibration curves were >0.978, and the method detection limits (MDLs) and limits of quantitation (LOQ) were 2.8~72.1 ng/g (18.4 ng/g on average) and 9.0~230 ng/g (58.5 ng/g on average). The accuracy ranged from 69.1%to 130% (103% on average), and the precision values were less than 14.8%(3.8%on average). The screening of residual pesticides in liver of dead birds by LC and GC Orbitrap HRMS was detected monocrotophos, carbofuran, carbosulfan, deltametrin, benfuracarb, carbofuran, phosphamidon, prochloraz in investigated samples. CONCLUSION: This results showed that accurate mass were extraction of residual pesticides in dead birds by Orbitrap HRMS. It suggested that this screening method is applicable to the residual pesticide analysis for the cause of death as a main tool.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.111-123
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• 2009

We investigated the consumption inclinations of consumers for environmentally-friendly agricultural products (EFAP) for better production and distribution of EFAP. Consumer inclinations in large supermarkets from April 7th to 30th, 2008 were surveyed. Data were analyzed using the SPSSWIN 12.0 program. Results showed that 90.4% of consumers recognized EFAP and 76.4% of those who recognized the products had actually bought the products. Members of the "have purchased group" bought EFAP once a week because they believed these products were safe from hazards, such as pesticide. The amount spent on EFAP was less than 20% of the total food budget and the major consumed items were green vegetables and fruits. The sale location was mainly large supermarkets and agricultural cooperation outlets. Although many people were satisfied with EFAP from the viewpoint of nutritional and sensory qualities and safety compared with general agricultural products, they were notsatisfied with the price. Many consumers trusted that EFAP were safe and nutritional. Members of the "not purchased group" also trusted the nutritional and sensory qualities of EFAP and recognized the safety issue, but they were not satisfied with the price, compared with general agricultural products. Consequently, to succeed in the market, EFAP should maintain the confidence of the consumer while decreasing in price.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.162-168
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• 2009

This study was conducted the analysis of food safety incidents between January 1998 and October 2008 using media reports. Total number of food safety incident was 569 through the study period. The average of food safety incident per year and month was 51.7and 4.9, respectively. The top 10 food types involved in the lists of food safety incidents were as follows; marine products, meat and meat products, confectionaries, beverages, special nutritional food, teas, noodles, soy and bean paste sauces, and milk and milk products etc. The top 10 single foods also were as follows; ready-to eats, meat, confectionary, health support foods, steeping tea, infant formula, meat products, ginseng products, foods for body weight control etc. Of the total 569 incidents, 247 (43.4%) were related with chemical hazards involving pesticide, food additives etc, biological hazards were 126 (22.1 %), and physical hazards were 97 (17.0%) incidents. In analysis stage in the food chain at which breakdown in food safety occurred, primary production were the most common stage with 364 (64%) incidents, and incidents at the manufacture handling and distribution stages were with 151 (26.5%), and 44 (7.7%), respectively. The results of this study can be used as a better data for risk analysis or food safety strategies.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.194-201
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• 1981

In order to determine the residue levels of organochlorine insecticides in various meats consumed by Korean population, 80 samples of beef, pork and chicken were collected throughout the country and analyzed for their fat contents and pesticide residue levels. Organochlorine insecticides detected in the meat samples were ${\alpha}-BHC,\;{\beta}-BHC,\;heptachlorepoxide\;and\;DDE$. The average residue levels of the four pesticides on fat basis were 0.466 ppm in domestic beef, 0.145 ppm in imported beef, 0.264 ppm in pork and 0.106 ppm in chicken, in decreasing order of ${\alpha}-BHC>DDE>heptachlorepoxide>{\beta}-BHC$. Daily intake per person of the residues from meat by Korean population was estimated to be $1.0{\mu}g$ of total BHC, $0.1{\mu}g$ of heptachlorepoxide and $0.3{\mu}g$ of DDE. This level was far below the acceptable daily intake of organochlorine insecticides $(18\;{\mu}g/㎏\;body\;weight)$ as recommended by FAO/WHO.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.722-730
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• 2000

The residual concentration and half-life time of synthetic pyrethroid insecticide cyfluthrin in potato and soil were investigated by gas chromatography (GC). The pesticide in potato was extracted with n-hexane, filtered and concentrated. The concentrated phase was transferred to the Sep-Pak silica gel column and purified with acetonitrile and acetone for the analysis by gas chromatography equipped with electron capture detector (GC-ECD). From the standard additional experiments with 0.01 and $0.1{\mu}g$, the recoveries were 85-87% and the detection limit was 0.005 ng. The soil sample was extracted with acetone and dichloromethane. The organic phase was concentrated and redissolved with n-hexane and analyzed with GC-ECD after cleaned with Sep-Pak column. From the standard additional experiments with 0.01 and 0.1 ng, the recoveries were 84-88% and the detection limit was 0.005ng. The half-life time of cyfluthrin in the silty clay was 25 days in the room laboratory and 0.6 days in the fieJd test whereas it was 38 days and 0.5 days for each in case of silty loam.