• Title/Summary/Keyword: Phosphorus Content

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The Effect of Algae on Coagulation and Filteration of Water Treatment Process (정수처리과정중 응집및 여과에 미치는 조류의 영향)

  • Lim, Young-Sung;Song, Won-Seb;Cho, Ju-Sik;Lee, Hong-Jae;Heo, Jong-Soo
    • Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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    • v.19 no.1
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    • pp.13-19
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    • 2000
  • Seasonal variations of dominant algae species and the effects of these algae on coagulation and filteration of water treatment were investigated at Chilseo water treatment plant in downstream of Nakdong river from January in 1995 to Desember of 1998. The water quality of Nakdong river was found to be a hyper eutrophic state during the investigation periods. In the measurement, Chlorophyll-a contents ranged $20.7{\sim}180.9{\mu}g/l$ and total nitrogen contents(T-N) and total phosphorus contents(T-P) exceeded more than 3.4mg/l and 0.1mg/l, respectively. The changes in dominant algae species was in the order of Stepanodiscus sp., Asterionella sp., Melosira sp., Microcystis sp. and Synedra sp. from spring to winter. Microcystis sp. especially, was blooming during summer and Synedra sp. and Stepanodiscus sp. during winter. Although most diatomous algae appeared in the water treatment process caused filter clogging and reduced efficiency of coagulation and sedimentation, Synedra sp. and Stepanodiscus sp were revealed as the main trouble algae. Malfunction of water treatment process caused by Synedra sp. and Stepanodiscus sp. started at the algae concentrations of 800cells/ml and 1,820cells/ml, respectively. When chlorophyll-a content was $18.9{\mu}g/l$, the optimum amounts of coagulant were found to be 40mg/l of Alum and 16mg/l of PACS. Under condition of chlorophyll-a content of $154.1{\mu}g/l$, addition of Alum at the level of 75mg/l and PACS at the level of 35mg/l showed the lowest turibidity. The result indicates that increased amounts of the coagulants should be added for a better water treatment as chlorophyll-a contents increased. Addition of Alum at the amount of 60mg/l and 30mg/l of PACS removed Stepanodiscus sp. algae at the rate of 85% and 83%, respectively. In case of Synedra sp., 50mg/l of Alum and 25mg/l of PACS showed removal rates of 79% and 81%, respectively. Synedra sp. algae at the standing crops of 1,500cells/ml started filter clogging and a filtering process was completely inhibited after 8 hours. At this situation the filter clogging by Synedra sp. algae occurred at the depth of 5cm from the top anthracite layer. On the other, other algae did filter clogging at the depth of 10cm.

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Comparisons of the Forage Productivity and Contents of Mineral Nutrients between the NeOy Reclaimed and Arable Hilly Soils;I. Changes in the soil properties, vigour at early growth, yields, and mineral nutrients of forages as affected by compost application (신개간 및 기경작 초지토양간 목초의 생산성과 무기양분 함량 비교;1. 퇴비 시용에 따른 토양특성, 목초의 초기생육, 수량 및 무기양분 함량 변화)

  • 정연규
    • Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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    • v.22 no.1
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    • pp.69-76
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    • 2002
  • This pot experiment was conducted to find out the forage productivity and contents of mineral nutrients in an orchardgrass sward as affected by the compost lime, and phosphorus applications on the newly reclaimed and arable pasture soils. This 1st part was concerned with the effect of compost application. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. There were considerable differences between the newly reclaimed and arable pasture soils in the soil chemical properties as fellows(newly reclaimed soil ↔ arable pasture soil): poor ↔common in pH and contents of Ca and Mg; Poor ↔ good in content of available P$_2$O$_{5}$, base saturation, and mutual balance of Ca : Mg : K; common ↔ good in K content; good ↔ good in absorption coefficient of P$_2$O$_{5}$; poor ↔ somewhat poor in CEC. The contents of available P$_2$O$_{5}$ in both soils after experiment were relatively higher in the compost block than non-compost block. It was recognized that the compost application was resulted in the CEC increase in the newly reclaimed soil. 2. The vigour at early growth of orchardgrass was better in the arable pasture soil then newly reclaimed soil. In the newly reclaimed soil, the vigour at early growth of orchardgrass was remarkedly enhanced by compost application. 3. Under the non-compost application, the orchardgrass yield was higher in the arable pasture soil by 50.9% than newly reclaimed soil. Compared with the non-compost application, the orchardgrass yields were increased in the newly reclaimed soil by 17.1% and the arable pasture soil by 7.6% by the compost application. 4. The concentrations of Ca, Mg, and P in orchardgrass were relatively higher in the arable pasture soil than the newly reclaimed soil, whereas there was no difference in the K concentration. It was recognized that the concentrations of Mg and P in orchardgrass were higher in the compost block than the non-compost block.block.

Dry Matter Yield of Japanese Millet (Echinochloa crusgalli var. Frumentacea 〈Roxb.〉 Wight), Chemical Properties and Microbial Population of Soil as Affected by the Application of Fermented Sawdust Swine Manure in Cheju Volcanic Ash Soil Area (제주화산회토양에서 발효 톱밥 돈분 시용이 피의 건물수량, 토양의 이화학적 성질 및 토양 미생물에 미치는 영향)

  • Kim M. C.;Kim T. G.;Lee J. E.;Moon B. C.
    • Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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    • v.25 no.3
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    • pp.159-168
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    • 2005
  • This experiment was carried out during the period from May to October 1998 to determine the effect of fermented sawdust swine manure application (SSM) on the herbage production of Japanese millet and soil properties in the Cheju brown volcanic ash soil. The randomized block design (T1 : basic chemical fertilizer, N 200 kg/ha + $P_2O_5\;300 kg/ha+K_2O$ 200kg/ha ; T2 : 1/2 basic chemical fertilizer, N $100+P_2O_5\;150+K_2O$ 100kg/ha; T3 : 1/2 basic SSM, N 100kg/ha, T4:basic SSM, N 200kg/ha; T5:2 times basic SSM, N 400 kg/ha ; T6:4 times basic SSM, N 800 kg/ha) was used. At the same application level of nitrogen 200kg/ha, the application of $100\%$ chemical fertilizer (T1) had significantly lower dry matter yield than that of $50\%$ chemical fertilizer and $50\%$ SSM (T2) or $100\%$ SSM (T4)(p<0.01). Dry matter yield increased with an increase of SSM application to N 400kg/ha level but decreased at N 800 kg/ha level. P, K and Ca contents of Japanese millet tended towards to decrease with an increase of SSM level. The application of chemical fertilizer lowered P and K content of Japanese millet in comparison with that of SSM (p<0.05). pH, available phosphorus. exchangeable potassium, Ca and Mg content of soil studied showed a significant increase with an increase of SSM application level (p<0.05). However, at the same application level of N 200kg/ha, there was statistically no significant difference between chemical fertilizer and SSM in those contents of soil after experiment. The bacterial number of soil among microbial population increased with an increase of SSM level, in June, 1998 (p<0.05), but there was no regular tendency, in October. The rate of bacteria to fungus in soil had a tendency to decrease with an increase of SSM level. In conclusion, it is recommended to use N 400kg/ha of SSM or N 100 kg/ha of chemical fertilizer+N 100 kg/ha of SSM for Japanese millet.

Description and Application of a Marine Microalga Auxenochlorella protothecoides Isolated from Ulleung-do (울릉도 거북바위 조수웅덩이에서 분리된 해양 미세조류 옥세노클로렐라 프로토테코이드 균주의 기술 및 응용)

  • Jang, Hyeong Seok;Kang, Nam Seon;Kim, Kyeong Mi;Jeon, Byung Hee;Park, Joon Sang;Hong, Ji Won
    • Journal of Life Science
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    • v.27 no.10
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    • pp.1152-1160
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    • 2017
  • A unicellular green alga was axenically isolated from a tidal pool on Ulleung-do, Korea. Morphological, molecular, and biochemical analyses revealed that the isolate belonged to Auxenochlorella protothecoides. The current study is the first record of this species in Korea. The microalgal strain was named as A. protothecoides MM0011 and its growth, lipid and pigment compositions, and biomass properties were investigated. The strain is able to thrive in a wide range of temperatures ($5{\sim}35^{\circ}C$) and to withstand up to 1.5 M NaCl. The results of GC/MS analysis showed that the isolate was rich in nutritionally important polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). Its major fatty acids were linoleic acid (27.6%) and ${\alpha}-linolenic$ acid (39.6%). Thus, this indigenous microalga has potential as an alternative source of ${\omega}3$ and ${\omega}6$ PUFAs, which currently come from fish and plant oils. Also, the HPLC analysis revealed that the value-added antioxidant, lutein, was biosynthesized as the accessory pigments by the microalga. A proximate analysis showed that the volatile matter content was 85.6% and an ultimate analysis indicated that the gross calorific value was $20.3MJ\;kg^{-1}$. Since 40.5% of total nitrogen and 27.9% of total phosphorus were removed from the medium, respectively, it also has potential as a feedstock for biofuel applications which could be coupled to wastewater treatment. In addition, the biomass may also serve as an excellent animal feed because of its high protein content (51.4%). Therefore, A. protothecoides MM0011 shows promise for application in production of microalgae-based biochemicals and as a biomass feedstock.

Nutrient Composition and Heavy Metal Contents of Matured Livestock Liquid Fertilizer in Korea (국내 가축분뇨 부숙액비의 비료성분 및 중금속 함량 분포특성)

  • Kang, Tak-Won;Halder, Joshua Nizel;Kim, Soo-Ryang;Yoon, Young-Man;Lee, Myung-Gyu
    • Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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    • v.25 no.4
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    • pp.31-39
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    • 2017
  • From July to August 2013, liquid fertilizers produced at 180 liquid manure public resource centers and liquid fertilizer distribution centers were collected. The maturity of liquid fertilizers was measured using the mechanical maturity measurement device. The nutrient contents (nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium), physicochemical properties, and heavy metal content of 46 liquid fertilizers were investigated in this study. We used a matured liquid fertilizer with a total number of 46, with number of 7 for Gyeonggi-do, 3 for Chungcheongbuk-do, 2 for Chungcheongnam-do, 13 for Jeollabuk-do, 5 for Jeollanam-do, 3 for Gyeongsangbuk-do, 11 for Gyeongsangnam-do, 1 for Daejeon, and 1 for Jeju-do. The physicochemical properties were as follows: pH 8.0, EC 11.6 mS/cm, SS 5,188 mg/L, TKN 847mg/L, ${{NH_4}^+}-N$ 317 mg/L, ${{NO_3}^-}-N$ 170 mg/L, Org-N 360 mg/L, TP 193 mg/L, and TK 2,557 mg/L. The total amount of NPK was 3,596 mg/L. The total amount of N-P-K was as follows: a number of 2 at 1,000-2,000 mg/L (4%), a number of 17 at 2,000-3,000mg/L (37%), a number of 11 at 3,000-4,000mg/L (24%), and a number of 16 at 4,000mg/L or more (35%). Thus, 41% of the mature liquid fertilizers were below the official standard of commercial fertilizer (livestock manure liquid fertilizer) (0.3% of the total amount of N-P-K). Most of the N-P-K total amount showed non-uniform characteristics of low nitrogen and low phosphoric acid due to the potassium concentration. The average heavy metal content in the matured liquid fertilizer was as follows: As, not detected; Cd, 0.01 mg/kg; Hg, not detected; Pb, 0.02 mg/kg; Cr, 0.14 mg/kg; Cu, 6.89 mg/kg; Ni, 0.44 mg/kg; and Zn, 20.70 mg/kg. Thus, the official standard of commercial fertilizer was satisfied in all categories, indicating a safe level.

Effects of Inoculation with Mycorrhizal Fungi, Pisolithus tinctorius and Glomus sp. on the Rooting of Quercus acutissima Carr. Cuttings at Various Ortet Ages (모래밭 버섯균(菌)과 Glomus 균근균(菌根菌)의 인공접종(人工接種)이 연령(年齡)이 다른 상수리나무에서 채취(採取)한 삽수(揷穗)의 삽목발근(揷木發根)에 미치는 영향(影響))

  • Kim, Jong Ju;Lee, Kyung Joon
    • Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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    • v.79 no.3
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    • pp.302-308
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    • 1990
  • This study was conducted to determine the effects of mycorrhizal inoculation and ortet ages on the rooting of Quercus acutissima cuttings. The cuttings taken from 12-week-, 2-year-, 4-year-, and 20-year-old plants were rooted in mid summer in the rooting medium (vermiculite 2 : peatmoss 1 by volume) with or without Pisolithus tinctorius (Pt) and Glomus sp. inocula and IBA under intermittent misting system in an open shed. The average percentages of rooting were about 82%, 49%, 29%, and 13% for cuttings taken from 12-week-, 2-year-. 4-year-, and 20-year-old seedlings, respectively. Pt inoculation, enhanced rooting of cuttings at all age classes, except 12-week-old seedlings, with the highest enhancement(22%) observed in cuttings taken from 20-year-old trees. The highest percentage of rooting in each age group eras 88.9% in 12-week-old seedlings treated with Pt plus 3.000ppm IBA, 75% in 2-Year-old plants with 1,000ppm IBA, 58.3% in 4-year-old plants with 3.000ppm IBA and 22% in 20-year-old plants. The addition of Glomus sp. fungus inoculum failed to enhance rooting. Pt mycorrhizal inoculation enhanced root dry weight, length, and diamter of adventitious roots at cuttings taken from 12-week- and 20-year-old trees, except the cuttings taken from 4-year-old seedlings. Rooted cuttings had more total nitrogen content in the leaves than unrooted cuttings, and the greater rooting response was associated with the higher phosphorus content in the leaves.

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Effects of Mixture Application of Concentrated Pig Slurry and Byproduct Liquid Fertilizer on the Growth and Yield of Chinese Cabbage (돈분뇨 농축액비와 부산물액비 혼합시용이 배추의 생육과 수량에 미치는 영향)

  • Ryoo, Jong-Won
    • Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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    • v.18 no.2
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    • pp.271-282
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    • 2010
  • This study was conducted to investigate the effects of concentrated pig slurry and byproduct liquid fertilizer on the growth and yield of chinese cabbage. The experiment was conducted in a rain-shelter house which was installed in the agriculture farm. Plants were fertilized with concentrated slurry (CS), byproduct fertilizer (BF), mixture of concentrated slurry and byproduct liquid fertilizer (CS+BF), combined organic and chemical fertilizer (CS+BF+BF) and chemical fertilizer (CF) as control. 1. The pH level of byproduct liquid was decreased from the 3rd to the 7th day and increased 9 day to 14th day, but pH of concentrated slurry (CS) was not greatly varied. EC of concentrated slurry (CS) and byproduct liquid was increased gradually during the fermentation. 2. The concentrated slurry (CS) was low in phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, rich in potassium and unbalanced as a low nitrogen and high potassium. But byproduct liquid fertilizer was balanced in nitrogen and potassium ratio. 3. The leaf number, head height, head width of chinese cabbage in treatment with organic and chemical fertilizer (CS+BF+N) showed significant difference compared with control. The plant and head weight of chinese cabbage in treatment of concentrated slurry was severely decreased, but that in treatment organic and chemical fertilizer (CS+BF+N) were increased 8, 10% compared with control chemical fertilizer (CF), respectively. 4. The content of $K_2O$ in plant tissue and in soil was increased after using concentrated slurry. On the other hand, mineral content of except $K_2O$ did not differ significantly between any of the treatments. In conclusion, organic and chemical fertilizer (CS+BF+N) could improve growth and head weight of chinese cabbage.

Effects of TDN/CP Ratio on Nutrient Intake, Body Weight Gain, Blood Characteristics of Dairy Heifers from 12 to 14 Months of Age (TDN/CP 비율이 젖소 12~14개월령 육성우 영양소 섭취량, 증체량 및 혈액성상에 미치는 영향)

  • Kim, Gyeom-Heon;Hwang, Won-Uk;Kim, Hyun-Jin;Kim, Soo-Ki
    • Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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    • v.36 no.2
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    • pp.115-123
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    • 2016
  • In this study, the effect of energy and protein ratio on the nutrient availability and body weight gain was determined to find the proper nutrient level for the stage of replacement dairy heifers before fertilization at approximately 12~24 months old after birth. Dry matter intake showed that the TDN/CP rate of T1 (5.0:1), T2 (4.5:1) and T3 (4.0:1) resulted in similar values. Among feces, the ash content of T1 was 11.07%, which was significantly (p < 0.05) higher than that of T3 (9.69%). It was also significantly (p < 0.05) higher than that of T2 (10.32%). When the TDN/CP rate was increased, the ash content in the feces was also increased. Regardless of the initial weight, weight gain was increased significantly as the CP rate in the feed was increased on the $30^{th}$ day. On the $60^{th}$ day, T2 showed the highest rate of gain (p < 0.05). As the TDN rate was decreased or the protein rate was increased, weight gain was significantly (p < 0.05) increased. Regarding GPT level in the blood after finishing the test, T1 and T3 (112.6, 88.3 u/l) showed significantly (p < 0.05) higher value than T2 (50.9 u/l). For phosphorus level, T1 (46.3 mg/dl) showed significantly (p < 0.05) higher value than other treatments. For HDL cholesterol level, T2 (145.2 mg/dl) had significantly (p < 0.05) higher level than T1 (121.0 mg/dl) or T3 (132.3 mg/dl). For triglyceride levels, T3 (40.6 mg/dl) had significantly (p < 0.05) higher value than T1 (20.7 mg/dl) and T2 (29.0 mg/dl). For other blood parameters including BUN concentration, there were no significant (p > 0.05) difference among treatments. As a result, although feed intake and weight gain with TDN/CP rate of 4:1 showed best results, considering the excess body fat accumulation possibilities or blood metabolism, it seems 4.5:1 ratio is most appropriate.

Evaluation on the Purification Capacity of Pollutants in the Tidal Flat (갯벌의 오염물질 정화능력 평가)

  • YOU Sun-Jae;KIM Jong-Gu
    • Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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    • v.32 no.4
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    • pp.409-415
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    • 1999
  • To evaluate the purification capacity of pollutants (COD, $PO_4^{3-}-p$, $NO_3^{-}-N$, Cu, Cd, Pb) in the three tidal flats, Eueunri, Gyewhado, Chunjangdae, the experiments were carried out with the batch reactor equipped with artifical tidal flats. Eueunri tidal flat was $98.8\%$ content of silt and clay and Chungjangdae was $97.84\%$ content of sand. The organic matters (I.L., $COD_{sed}$, POC) in Eueunri tidal flat were 2$\~$8 times higher than other tidal flats. The purification capacity of COD was 0.75 kg/ha/12 hr in Eueunri, 0.60 kg/ha/12 hr in Gyewhado and 0.55 kg/ha/12 hr in Chunjangdae. The mean purification capacity of COD in three tidal flats was 1.27 kg/ha/day. The calculated purification capacity of COD was 25.4 ton/day in the disappeared tidal flat areas (20,000 ha) of the Saemangeum reclamation. The purification capacity of phosphorus was 0.21 kg/ha/12 hr in Gyewhado, 0.39 kg/ha/12 hr in Eueunri and 0.22 kg/ha/12hr in Chunjangdae. The nitrate was 0.53, 0.74 and 0.43kg/ha/12hr, respectively. The purification capacity of heavy metals (Cu, Cd, Pb) were 88.9g/ha/12hr, 11.0g/ha/12hr, 1.7g/ha/12hr in Gyewhado, 89.1g/ha/12hr, 18.0g/ha/12hr, 2.6g/ha/12hr in Eueunri and 55.3g/ha/12hr, 18.0g/ha/12hr, 2.1g/ha/12hr in Chunjangdae, respectively. Accordingly, the purification capacity of pollutants in Eueunri tidal flat with high contents of organic matter were higher than other tidal flats. So, the purification capacity of pollutants were affected by physical and/or chemical characteristics of tidal flats.

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Effect of Application Rate of a Controlled Release Fertilizer on the Changes in Medium EC and Growth of Subirrigated Vinca and Salvia (저면관수 재배에서 완효성 비료의 양이 배지의 EC 및 일일초와 살비아의 생장에 미치는 영향)

  • Kang, Jong Goo;Lee, In Ho
    • FLOWER RESEARCH JOURNAL
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    • v.16 no.2
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    • pp.112-117
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    • 2008
  • Plug seedlings of vinca (Catharanthus roseus L. 'Pacifica Punch') and salvia (Salvia splendens F. Sellow ex Roem & Schult 'Maestro') were transplanted into square plastic pots (145 mL volume) filled with a soilless growing medium. To determine the effect of application rate on the growing medium EC and growth of plants, 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 and 4.0 g per pot of a controlled release fertilizer (14-14-14 Osmocote, 14N-6.2P-11.6K) were mixed with the growing medium. Plants were subirrigated daily with tap water. In both vinca and salvia, growing medium EC increased as application rate was elevated. Growing medium EC was relatively constant over a whole crop period when the application rate was less than 1.5 g per pot, while it decreased throughout the experiment at higher application rates such as 2.0 to 4.0g per pot in both species. The greatest leaf area, plant height, and shoot dry weight of vinca were obtained when plants were fertilized with 2.0 to 4.0 g per pot of the fertilizer, resulting in a growing medium EC of $1.0{\sim}1.7dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$ throughout the experiment. Leaf area, shoot dry weight, and chlorophyll content of salvia increased with elevated application rates. Leaf area, shoot dry weight, and chlorophyll content of salvia were the greatest when plants were fertilized with 4.0 g per pot, resulting in growing medium EC of $1.0{\sim}4.0dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$ throughout the experiment. Plant height of salvia was the greatest when plants were fertilized with 2.0 to 4.0g per pot. Concentrations of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), and sulfur (S) in the shoots of vinca increased, while concentration of calcium (Ca) decreased with elevated application rates. Concentrations of boron (B) and manganese (Mn) in the shoots of vinca increased as the application rate decreased.