• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.960-968
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• 2023

The rhizome of Phragmites communis Trin. is used for vomiting and belching by clearing stomach and the sprout is used as tea. Phragmites japonica is similar with P. communis except the color of sheath is purple. This study is aimed to compare the in vitro antioxidant activity, total polyphenol and flavonoids contents of P. communis and P. japonica. The antioxidant activities of fractions from the two Phragmites plants were evaluated by 1,1-diphenyl-2- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging assay. The antioxidant activity varied with plant parts and extract solvents. The fractions of leaf extract from the two Phragmites plants (4.06±1.32-16.47±1.28%) showed higher antioxidant activity by DPPH assay compared with rhizome fractions of two Phragmites plants (0.00±0.00-14.15±0.07%), these are lower compared with ascorbic acid and butylhydroxyanisole (BHA). The highest ABTS radical scavenging activity was found for rhizome ether fraction, namely 74.95±0.56% and 73.04±1.85% for P. communis and P. japonica, these are higher than BHA. The total polyphenol and flavonoids contents were different with plant parts and extract solvents, likewise antioxidant activity. A significant correlation was shown between DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activity. Considering the results of this study, the leaves and stems of P. communis and P. japonica are expected to be used as natural antioxidants.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.65 no.4
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• pp.453-456
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• 2022

Phragmites communis rhizome (Phragmitis rhizoma) was extracted with 70% ethanol, and then the extract was fractionated sequentially using n-hexane, chloroform, and ethyl acetate as solvents. Among the solvent fractions of Phragmitis rhizoma extract, the polyphenol content in ethyl acetate fraction was the highest. The chloroform and ethyl acetate fractions possessed a good nitrite scavenging activity. In addition, each solvent fraction showed an effective lipid peroxidation inhibitory ability at a concentration of 10 mg/mL.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.25-33
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• 2002

This study was carried out to select the utilizable vegetations for the stabilization of slopes and river banks, landscape creation and water quality cleansing in dams, lakes and streams. In this study, 10 herbaceous plants were investigated for their survival and growth characteristics under complete and partly flooding conditions in the nursery. The ranking order of flooding tolerance based on survival ability showed that Iris pseudoacorus, Phragmites communis and Phragmites japonica were first, Typha angustata, Miscanthus sacchariflorus and Pennisetum alopecuroides were second, and Cymbopogon tortilis, Miscanthus sinensis, Kummerowia striata and Lolium multiflorum were last. That of flooding tolerance base on growth ability showed that Iris pseudoacorus, Phragmites communis, Phragmites japonica, Typha angustata and Miscanthus sacchariflorus were first, Pennisetum alopecuroides, Miscanthus sinensis and Kummerowia striata were second, and Cymbopogon tortilis and Lolium multiflorum were last. Espcially, Miscanthus sacchariflorus, Iris pseudoacorus, Phragmites japonica and Phragmites communis showed good survival and growth abilities when they were complete flooded for 60 days. Also high flooding tolerant species grow as better as flooding period longer under the partly flooding condition. It was found that Pennisetum alopecuroides and Kummerowia striata have excess moisture tolerance because they showed good survival and growth under the partly flooding condition. This study confirmed that the possibilities of utilizing Iris pseudoacorus, Typha angustata, Phragmites japonica, Phragmites japonica, Phragmites communis, Miscanthus sacchariflorus, Pennisetum alopecuroides and Kummerowia striata as the efficient plants for vegetation measures on the flooded slopes of dam and various impoundment sites.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.63-74
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• 1993

The ecotypic variation of Phragmites communis Trin. was studied from Aug. 1989 to March 1992 in three populations of salt marsh, estuary and fresh water areas of the western coastal regions in Korea. The length growth and aboveground total dry weight of Phragmites communis Trin. From three habitates were measured monthly and the seeds from them collected. Chlorophyll contents, bud number and width of Phragmites communis Trin. populations after their seeds were sown in seedbeds, and the growth of seedlings according to salt contents were also determined. The results lare summarized as follows: The height and basal diameter of shoot, leaf length and width, and total dry weight of Phragmites communis Trin. were very different from each other according to their natural habitats. The bud number of seeds was increased as sample sites moved from estuary to fresh water areas and salt marsh. The but the bud diameter turned out to be in reverse proportion to the bud number. The chlorophyll content of the population from fresh water was $8.6901{\mu}g/ml$, whereas that from estuary and salt marsh was $9.61801{\mu}g/ml$ and $10.3160{\mu}g/ml$, respectively. The average length growth and total dry weight of seedlings grown at different salt contents were compared. Those of fresh water area decreased at salt contents lower than 0.5% in culture solution and those of estuary at higher than 0.5%, but the population of salt marsh was shown to be capable of sustaining itself at 1.0%. All of these results suggested that the populations of Phragmites communis Trin. in the western coastal regions of Korea have undergone ecotypic variations: fresh water type, estuary type and salt marsh type.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.297-304
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• 1996

The investigation was performed to reveal the removal rate of metal constituents of litters in a Phragmites communis Miseanthus sacchariflorus, Typha angastata and Seirpas tabernaemontani grasslands in the lake Paldangho. The removal rates of metal constituents are determined by the mathematical models. The removal rates and time required to decay up to a percentage of each metal constituent were calculated using these model. The removal rates of Cu, Fe and Zn were 0.61, 0.58 and 0.79 in Phragmites communis 0.39, 0.47 and 0.68 in Miseanthus saccharflorus; 0.26, 0.09 and 0.23 in Typha angustata: 0.56, 0.27 and 0.67 in Seirpus tabernaemontani respectively. The periods required to reach half time to the stedy state of the removal and accumulation for Cu, Fe and Zn were 1,13,1.19 and 0.79 years in Phragmites communis; 1.79, 1.49 and 1.02 years in Miscanthus sacchariflorus; 2.70, 7.43 and 2.96 years in Typha angustata ; 1.23, 2.58 and 1.04 years in Scirqus tabernaemontani, re-spectively. Key words: Phragmites communis, Miscanthus sacchariflorus, Typha angustata and Scirpus tabernaemontani, lake Paldangho, Removal rate, Cupper, Iron, Zinc.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.43-55
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• 2003

Vegetation structure was investigated in the Hyeonchang wetland and its watershed around the Nakdong-gang, Changryeong-county, Gyeongsangnamdo, Korea. from May to August, 2001. The vegetation type of the Hyeonchang wetland was classified into 12 communities based on the actual vegetation map: Phragmites communis community, Zizania latifolia community, Phragmites communis - Persicaria perfoliata community, Salix koreensis community, Persicaria perfoliata - Phragmites communis community, Spirodela polyrhiza community, Persicaria perfoliata community, Cyperus amuricus community, Cyperus amuricus-EchinochJoa crus-galli var. frumentacea community, Phragmites communis-Zizania latifolia community, EchinochJoa crus-galli var. frumentacea community, and Persicaria maackiana community. Among them, Phragmites communis community was the largest (4.3 ha, 24%). The dominant vegetation type were Phragmites communis community, Echinochloa crus-galli var. frumentacea-Persicaria maackiana community, and Cyperus amuricus subcommunity based on the phytosociological method. The vegetation type of the Hyeonchang wetland watershed was classified into five communities based on the actual vegetation map: Pinus densilflora community, Pinus rigida community, Pinus densiflora-Quercus acutissima community, Pinus densiflora-Larix gmelini var. principis-ruprechtii community, and Populus tomentiglandulosa community. Among them, Distribution area of Pinus densiflora community was largest (399.3 ha, 61.8%). And the degree of green naturality of the Pinus densiflora community was 7 and 8 degree.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.285-295
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• 1996

This investigation was carried out to reveal the removal rates of Ca, Mg and Na among the constituents of the litters in Phragmites communis Miscanthus sacchariflorus, Typha augustata and Scirpus tabernaemontani ecosystems in the lake Paldangho. The removal constants of Ca, Mg and Na were determined by the mathematical model and the time required to decay to any percentage of each constituent was calculated by using this model. The results obtained in this study can he abstracted as follows; The removal constants of Ca, Mg and Na of the litters were 0.91, 0.86 and 0.71 in Phragmites communis, 0.64, 0.62, and 0.50 in Miscanthus sacchariflorus, 0.66, 0.28, and 0.56 in Typha angustata and 0.40, 0.55 and 0.63 in Scirpus tabernaemontani, respectively. These values of each constituent in Phragmites communis are the highest among the compared species and in each species, Ca among the studied constituent is higher than the others. The half times of Ca, Mg and Na required for the removal or accumulation of the litters on the grassland floor were 0.76, 0.80 and 0.98 years in Phragmites communis, 1.08, 1.12 and 1.39 years in Miscanthus sacehariflorus 1.05, 2.47 and 1.24 years in Typha angustata and 1.73, 1.26 and 1.10 years in Scirpus tabernaemontani, respectively. Key words: Removal constant, Phragmites communis, Miscanthus scchariflorus, Typha angu-stata, Scirpus tabernaemontani Paldangho. Ca, Mg. Na.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2012

This study was carried out in 2010 to investigate the utilization and forage quality of native grasses, such as $Phragmites$ $communis$ which might reduce the cost of feeding domestic cattle. The regions surveyed were the Haenam ranch in Haenam, Pyeongchang, Wonju, and Yeonggwang. In Haenam, yearly silage production harvested from 300 ha was 2,000 MT (7 MT/ha). All of those round bale silages were self-consumed in that region, and marketing price was 50,000~55,000 won per roll (110 won/kg). $Phragmites$ $communis$ of 150 cm in length contained 8.4% crude protein (CP) with relative feed value (RFV) 71.9 and 60.1% in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD), which was somewhat more favorable than forage quality of rice straw. The silage quality of $Phragmites$ $communis$ varied greatly by the time of harvest (CP 4.7~6.4%, RFV 62.2~78.9, and IVDMD 41.9~53.9%), even with the same district and of the same original forage materials. Generally, the quality of $Phragmites$ $communis$ silage of was poorer than that of sorghum ${\times}$ sudangrass hybrid. In Pyeongchang, forage quality of $Phragmites$ $communis$ was decreased from 13.9% to 7.6% in CP, 90.7 to 76.1 in RFV, and 72.9% to 54.7% in IVDMD, as plant was getting mature, from 79 cm to 117 cm, 121 cm or to 142 cm in length. In Wonju, the quality values of $Phragmites$ $communis$ of 130 cm in length were 8.5% CP, 82.3 RFV and 70.2% IVDMD, while those of matured grasses of 220 cm in length were lower (10.2% CP, 65.1 RFV and 48.9% IVDMD), but this was a little more favorable than quality of rice straw. In Yeonggwang, feeding $Phragmites$ $communis$ was tried in a Hanwoo feed, but stopped due to low profitability. In conclusion, the overall quality of most native grasses including $Phragmites$ $communis$ in this survey was poor. Therefore, we recommend that $Phragmites$ $communis$ and native grasses should be harvested on June or July to obtain richer forage quality in forage values than rice straw.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.503-509
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• 2006

To determine the minimum area for conservation of four Halophytic species populations, we evaluate the genetic diversity of four species based on the AFLP method using thirteen primer sets. Four species populations, Phragmites communis Trin, Suaeda japonica Makino, Zoysia sinica Hance, and S. maritima (L.) Dumort, from the southwestern coast of Korea, were selected for this study. The genetic diversity index ($\Psi_{ST}$) of Phragmites communis was 0.3856, Suaeda japonica 0.1445, Suaeda maritima 0.1669, and Zoysia sinica 0.2422. Based on the genetic diversity of population, we could determine the minimum area for conservation of each species as follows. P. communis needs $500{\times}500m^2$, S. japonica, S. maritima, and Z. sinica $100\times100m^2$ for keeping their genetic identity.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.273-279
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• 2016

This study evaluates the tyrosinase, elastase inhibitory and antioxidant activities of isolated Lactobacillus rhamnosus fermented extracts of Phragmites communis Trinius. After culture for 4 days at $30^{\circ}C$ using 1% P. communis extract, the cell mass of L. rhamnosus reached $1.4{\times}10^{10}CFU/mL$. The number of cells on P. communis extract and MRS medium was similar. This results indicated that P. communis extract can be used as an economical medium for industrial lactic acid bacteria production. The fermented P. communis extract exhibited 4 fold higher tyrosinase inhibitory effect than non fermented P. communis extract. The non fermented P. communis extract has no inhibitory effect on elastase. However the fermented P. communis extract show high inhibitory effect on elastase ($IC_{50}$; $249{\mu}g/mL$). These results indicated that the fermented P. communis extract can potentially be used for developing new cosmetic or health food ingredients.