• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.115-125
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• 2020

Background: The phenomenon of tree dieback in forest ecosystems around the world, which is known to be associated with high temperatures that occur simultaneously with drought, has received much attention. Korea is experiencing a rapid rise in temperature relative to other regions. Particularly in the growth of evergreen conifers, temperature increases in winter and spring can have great influence. In recent years, there have been reports of group dieback of Pinus densiflora trees in Korea, and many studies are being conducted to identify the causes. However, research on techniques to diagnose and monitor drought stress in forest ecosystems on local and regional scales has been lacking. Results: In this study, we developed and evaluated an index to identify drought and high-temperature vulnerability in Pinus densiflora forests. We found the Drought Stress Index (DSI) that we developed to be effective in generally assessing the drought-reactive physiology of trees. During 2001-2016, in Korea, we refined the index and produced DSI data from a 1 × 1-km unit grid spanning the entire country. We found that the DSI data correlated with the event data of Pinus densiflora mass dieback compiled in this study. The average DSI value at times of occurrence of Pinus densiflora group dieback was 0.6, which was notably higher than during times of nonoccurrence. Conclusions: Our combination of the Standard Precipitation Index and growing degree days evolved and short- and long-term effects into a new index by which we found meaningful results using dieback event data. Topographical and biological factors and climate data should be considered to improve the DSI. This study serves as the first step in developing an even more robust index to monitor the vulnerability of forest ecosystems in Korea.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.367-383
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• 1995

The relationship between floristic composition and soil environmental factors was investigated in the forest vegetation of Mt. Mohu.The forest vegetation unit of the Mt. Mohu could be divided into three communities, Quercus mongolica community, Pinus densiflora community and Quercus variabilis community. There were two subcommunities in Quercus mongolica community, which were Rhododendron schlippcubachii subcommunity and Stephanandra incisa subcommunity. The Quercus mongolica community was distributed at the altitude of 600~900 m, Pinus densiflora and Quercus variabilis communities were distributed on south-west slope at the altitudes of 430~520 m and 400~500 m, respectively.The DBH class of dominant species in each community showed that Quercus mongolica had 9 individuals/a at 11~15 cm class, Quercus variabilis 5.6 individuals/a at 11~15 cm class, and Pinus densiflora 8 individuals/a at 16~20 cm class. Quercus mongolica. Quercus variabilis and Pinus densiflora communities showed a bell-shape distribution.The contents of organic matter and soil water, and cation exchange capacity of the soil increased and the pH decreased in proportion to increased altitude. The soil environmental conditions of Quercus mongolica community were more favorable than those of Pinus densiflora and Quercus variabilis communities.The supposed successional sere of the forest vegetation of Mt. Mohu was as follows: Pinus densiflora community.Quercus variabilis community.Quercus mongolica community

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.89 no.5
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• pp.543-551
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• 2000

This study was conducted to understand Pinus densiflora regeneration characteristics from canopy gaps due to disturbance in natural forests located at Mt. Joongwang in Kangwon-do. The line-transect method was adopted to analyze crown architecture of Pinus densiflora. The saplings of Pinus densiflora in the canopy gap showed high adaptation to growth environment at their early regeneration stage, and showed different characteristics in crown architecture. Variation of branching angle in the main branch of Pinus densiflora was small in canopy gap. Primary branch growth showed was high during 4~5 year-old period and slowly low after that period. Average 5 of primary branch were generated from stem in canopy. Average 4 of secondary branch were generated from primary branch in canopy gap. Primary branches generated from the stem were uniformly distributed at all cardinal directions. When canopy gap size is $100{\sim}120m^2$, secondary branches generated from primary branch had mostly high numbers between $S44^{\circ}E$ and $S90^{\circ}W$.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.76-85
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• 2009

This study was carried to select the proper vegetation base materials which improve soil quality in abandoned coal mine areas. Also, we aimed at the feasibility of the direct seeding method without soil molding for the ecological restoration in those areas. We set total eight plots within the study site established on an abandoned coal mine area near Taebaek city, Gangwon province in April 2006. The plots were classified as two groups(straw mats mulching and no mulching), and the four treatments (C; control, MI; microbial innoculation, WC; wood chip, OF; organic fertilizer) were applied in each two groups for the soil conditioning. The survival of Pinus densiflora was highest among other species(Betula platyphylla var. japonica, Amorpha fruticosa and Arundinella hirta). For the non straw mat, the survival rate of Pinus densiflora seedlings was highest in the WC treatment($1,756trees/m^2$). For the straw mat, survival rate of Pinus densiflora seedlings was also highest in the WC treatment ($1,622trees/m^2$). In addition, for the non straw mat, the height growth of Pinus densiflora seedling was highest in the OF treatment($12.4{\pm}3.9cm$). For the straw mat, the height growth of Pinus densiflora seedling was also highest in the OF treatment($18.7{\pm}5.3cm$). In general, organic fertilizer treatment with the straw mat was most effective for seedling growth. Also, we suggested that the direct seeding method without soil molding could be sufficiently possible for revegetating abandoned coal mine, Korea.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.31-36
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• 1999

This paper contained an actual investigation of a wildfire which broke out on 23 April R 1996 in Go-sung Kun, Kang-won Do examined the calories and the total calories of the m main trees which were Quercus variabillis and Pinus densiflora. There were three important f fire spread factors which were weather condition, fuel condition and terrain. The weather c condition was the most dangerous alarm level. The fuel condition having a high calory v value, Pinus densiflora made up 63% of the forest. Terrain of the forest were mostly c covered by steep slopes and complicated line construction. This experimental calorie study a about Pinus densiflora and Quercus variabillis showed that Pinus densiflora had 13,34kcal/g a and Quercus variabillis had 9.64kcal/g. In the case of weight loss of pyrolysis, Pinus densiflora had a higher percentage rated 35.71~10.05% than Quercus variabillis. Accordingly, Pinus densiflora showed lower than Quercus variabillis in heat resistance.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.84-92
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• 2008

Disclosed is a study related to the thermal characteristics of Pinus densiflora and Quercus dentate identifying the presence of any significant difference in the above trees, which are native to Young Dong Province of Korea, according to different regions of the trees such as branches, barks, living leaves and dead leaves. For this purpose, we have carried out a cone calorimeter test focusing on the variables such as mass loss, heat release, ignition time, flame holding time and concentrations of CO and $CO_2$. The results showed that the total mass loss was greatest in tree branches, whereas the ignition time of dead leaves was fastest both in Pinus densiflora and Quercus dantata. The flame holding times of dead leaves and barks were about $640{\sim}1,016s$ and the total heat release of dead leaves was around 60.1 $MJ/m^2$, twice the total heat release of living leaves. In addition, the maximum exhaust concentrations of CO and $CO_2$ in tree branches of Quercus dentata was 2.82 times higher than those of Pinus densiflora, respectively. From the foregoing, it was confirmed that there exist region-specific differential thermal characteristics in Pinus densiflora and Quercus dentata.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.246-250
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• 2016

Pinus densiflora contained diverse phenol compounds like flavonoid, phenylpropanoid and tannin. PineXol$^{(R)}$ is nutraceutical preparation which was treated from bark of Pinus densiflora. Validation and contents determination of taxifolin, (+)-catechin and procyanidion B1 for the preparation of Pinus densiflora (PineXol$^{(R)}$) were confirmed using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). As a result, content of taxifolin, (+)-catechin and procyanidin B1 were, respectively 4.90%, 2.35% and 8.19%. These analysis method and results could be used as important basic data for the preparation of Pinus densiflora.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2008

The Bulyeongsa Valley in Uljin-gun(Gyeungbuk) has a unique beautiful landscape and plentiful ecosystem, and Pinus densiflora for. erecta is distributed widely. Recently as the widening of national road in Bulyeongsa Valley, comprehensive survey is needed. So to investigate the forest distribution and structure, ninety-nine plots were installed and surveyed. Each plot size is $100m^2$. Important percentage analysis of the summarize results, vegatation of Bulyeung valley is found out that dominant species is Pinus densiflora mainly and Quercus variabilis and Quercus serrata are compatitive relation with Pinus densiflora partially. The analysis results of the actual vegetation and degree of green naturality(DGN) showed that Pinus densiflora community is 47.75%, and DGN 8 is 69.14% in total. From the above results, vegatation of Bulyeungsa valley is found out that dominant species is Pinus densiflora mainly, and Quercus variabilis and Quercus serrata are competitive relation with Pinus densiflora partially.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.333-337
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• 2002

To develope food preservative, antimicrobial activities of Pinus densiflora (PD) ethanol extract against Listeria monocytogenes Scott A. Listeria monocytogenes Brie I and Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 19111 were investigated. The ethanol extracts of PD showed strong antimicrobial activities on Listeria monocytogenes. The crude ethanol extracts of PD were further fractionated by ether, ethyl acetate and butanol. The ether fraction from ethanol extract showed the strongest antimicrobial effects on Listeria monocytogenes in tryptic soy broth containing 40 mg/mL ether fractions compared with other fractions. The effect of ethanol extract of pinus densiflora against Listeria monocytogenes culture for growth stage in tryptic soy broth at 35$^{\circ}C$ showed the strongest antimicrobial activites for lag phase. The morphological changes of the cells were observed with transmission electron microscope (TEM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) and the cells were injured by treatment of 40 mg/mL ethanol extract of Pinus densiflora.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.52-61
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• 2004

This study has been carried out to classify forest vegetation in south and north slopes of Donghaksa valley for supplying basic data for conservation and restoration of the valley. With the phytosociological method, the forest of the south and north slopes of Donghaksa valley was classified as four groups; Quercus variabilis community, Quercus mongolica community, Pinus densiflora community and Carpinus laxiflora community. The dominant species were found in the order of Pinus densiflora, Quercus variabilis, Carpinus laxiflora, and Quercus mongolica. Comparing the north and south slopes, Quercus variabilis were the highest dominant species in the south and Carpinus laxiflora in the north. Pinus densiflora were the next dominant species in both south and north slopes. According to the DBH analysis result, Pinus densiflora and Quercus variabilis had density of normal distribution style among the entire community. Therefore, their dominance are expected to continue for now. But, Quercus mongolica and Carpinus laxiflora are expected to extend their influence in the future in terms of competition with Pinus densiflora. The correlation between each community and the environment according to DCCA ordination was examined in this study. The result told us that Quercus variabilis is distributed mainly on the south slope in a mid-steep and mid-altitude area. Quercus mongolica community appeared on the north slope in the steep high-altitude area that has high percentage in total nitrogen and CEC. Pinus densiflora community is distributed on both south and north slopes in a gentle slope and low-altitude area. Carpinus laxiflora is distributed on the north slope in a mid-steep and mid-altitude area.