• 청정기술
• /
• 제3권2호
• /
• pp.47-56
• /
• 1997

환경 문제에 대한 사회적 관심이 높아지고 정부의 환경 규제도 강화되면서 환경 오염물질을 줄이기 위한 공정개선의 필요성이 대두되고 있다. 공정 개선을 위해서는 각 공정이 환경에 미치는 영향을 나타내는 정량적인 기준이 필요하다. 본 연구에서는 물질수지식으로부터 정의되는 오염 지수(Pollution Index)를 폐기물의 질량(mass), BOD, toxicity에 따라 세 가지로 구분하여 정의하였으며, 각 Pollution Index는 최적의 대안을 결정할 때 환경영향평가에 대한 정량적인 척도를 제시할 수 있으므로 비용평가와 더불어 공정 선택의 객관적인 기준이 될 수 있다. 정의된 Pollution Index를 문헌에 보고된 세제 제조 공정에 적용하여 기존의 공정과 개선된 공정에 대하여 Pollution Index를 계산하여 각 공정이 환경에 미치는 영향을 정량적인 수치로 비교하였다.

• Advances in environmental research
• /
• 제1권2호
• /
• pp.109-123
• /
• 2012

Our study investigated the effects of Solanum macrocarpon (African eggplant) on haematological and biochemical parameters of male albino rats exposed to urban air pollution ($O_3$, $PM_{10}$, CO, $SO_2$, $NO_2$ and VOC). Male albino Wistar rats were exposed for 63 days either to urban air pollution without treatment (A); oral supplementation with Solanum macrocarpon given at 36 and 75 mg/kg body weight (BW), representing C and D respectively and exposed to air pollution; oral supplementation with Solanum macrocarpon given at 75 mg/kg BW after exposure to air pollution (B); or kept in animal house without exposure to air pollution (E). Animals exposed to air pollution showed significant alterations in haematological and biochemical parameters signaling that the blood and organs were badly injured. There were significant elevations in white blood cells (WBC) and its indices, reduction in red blood cells (RBC) and significant depletions of non-enzymic antioxidants, total protein and increase in lipid peroxidation values. Solanum macrocarpon supplementation in the feed of animals halted significantly the deleterious effects of air pollution, with co-administration during exposure given better results.

• 생태와환경
• /
• 제42권3호
• /
• pp.303-316
• /
• 2009

Benthic macroinvertebrate communities collected from eight different streams in South Korea were analyzed to compare community and biological indices across different levels of water pollution. The Self-Organizing Map (SOM) was utilized to provide overview on association of the proposed indices. The sample sites were accordingly clustered according to the gradient of pollution on the SOM. While the general trends of the indices were commonly observable according to different levels of pollution, the detailed differences among the indices were also illustrated on the SOM. The conventional diversity and evenness indices tended to be high even though the water quality state was poor representing relatively weak gradient at polluted sites, while the index presenting the saprobic degree such as family biotic index showed the stronger gradient at the polluted area and was robust to present the gradient. Our results also confirmed the general characterization of two indices: The Shannon index is more strengthened by the number of species occurring at the sample sites, while the Simpson index is more influenced by the degree of evenness among the species. The patterning based on the SOM was efficient in comparatively characterizing the proposed indices to present ecological states and water quality.

• 자원ㆍ환경경제연구
• /
• 제18권1호
• /
• pp.105-138
• /
• 2009

본 연구는 한강의 수질측정망에서 관측된 오염물질별 연평균 오염도를 이용하여 지난 15년 동안 수질오염도의 공간적 분포에 유의한 변화가 발생하였는지를 분석하였다. 구체적으로 각 오염물질별의 비모수적 커널확률밀도함수를 추정하였고, 연도간 유의한 변화가 있는지 검정하였다. 또한 일반화된 엔트로피 계열의 불평등지수를 구하고, 부트스트래핑 기법을 통해 불평등지수의 차이가 유의한지를 검정하였으며, 순위 상관을 이용하여 오염도 순위의 동태적인 측면을 분석하였다. 분석결과 최근 15년 동안 수질오염도의 불균등 정도는 전반적으로 완화되거나 일정한 수준을 유지하였고, 오염도 순위에 동태적인 변화는 거의 일어나지 않은 것으로 나타났다.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
• /
• 제21권6호
• /
• pp.759-770
• /
• 1998

biotic indices scoring with the benthic macroinvertebrates were assessed as pollution monitoring tools in the north branch of the Han River system, Korea. We investigated the temporal variability of water quality at unpolluted, moderately polluted and heavily polluted sites using several biotic indices and assessed appropriate biological monitoring indices for lotic systems in Korea. The following biotic and chemical indices were employed in order to compare their applicability to the lotic systems : Trent Biotic Index (TBI), Chandler's Biotic Index-Average Score per Taxon (CBI-ASPT), Modified Biological Monitoring Working Party Score System-Average Score per Taxon (BMWP-ASPT), Hilsenhoff's biotic Index (BI) and Family-level Biotic Index (FBI) models for biotic analyses and National Sanitation foundation's Water Quality Index (NSFWQI) and comprehensive Chemical Pollution Index (Pb/n) for chemical analyses of water quality. Index and score values were compared with each other and with 24 water chemistry parameters. All biotic indices were significantly auto-correlated (p<0.001) and BI and FBI/ROK among them were highly correlated (r=0.84). BI and BMWP-ASPT models were also highly correlated with NSFWQI, while TBI values showed high correlation with the Pb/n. The BI and BMWP-ASPT were highly correlated with the most water chemistry parameters. We conclude that the BI model, which includes indicator species and abundance of taxa, is best suited for the bioassessment of lotic systems in Korea. For rapid field-based assessments, FBI/ROK and BMWP-ASPT models are also appropriate.

• 한국입자에어로졸학회지
• /
• 제8권2호
• /
• pp.47-54
• /
• 2012

Paved road dust emissions were investigated 14 times on 12 main roads in Seo-Cho Gu, Seoul, Korea by vehicle-based mobile sampling system(Road Dust Monitoring System) during September to December 2011. Also, fourteen heavy metals present in the dust samples were analyzed by ICP. ICP analysis showed that one of major source of the road dust would be urban construction. A large amount of silt was found, which might be originated mainly from building construction and open beds of trees. Trace element and pollution indices of heavy metals(Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn) on the roads adjacent to the commercial area had higher concentrations than those on the roads adjacent to the construction and residential areas because of traffic density and heavy traffic.

• 한국농공학회논문집
• /
• 제54권6호
• /
• pp.89-99
• /
• 2012

An upland monitoring was conducted for about 4 years with respect to the water and quality of rainfall-runoff. The objective was to characterize of runoff and nonpoint source (NPS) pollution from a sandy field with 4.5 % in slope under balloonflower (2008-2010) and potato (2011) cultivation. Balloonflower was cultivated without any surface cover but potato was grown under plastic mulching. Runoff rate, EMCs and NPS pollution loads were estimated. The first flush effect was evaluated, and the correlation coefficient among the selected water quality indices were analyzed. Average rainfall size was higher by 2.3 mm when balloonflower was cultivated but average runoff rate was higher by 0.02 when potato was cultivated due to the plastic mulching. EMCs monitored from balloonflower field were higher than potato field except SS and TN, but all NPS pollution loads of potato field were 2.1~22.9 times greater than balloonflower field because of larger runoff volume. As a result of first flush effects, balloonflower and potato field were more influenced by increasing of accumulated rainfall and rainfall intensity rather than first flush. In the result of correlation analysis, there were no evident correlations between runoff and water quality indices. However, there were obvious correlations between SS and the other indices except TN. As a result of this study, it was thought that perennial balloonflower crop could help reduce runoff and NPS pollution loads but annual crop with plastic mulching increase them.

• Environmental Engineering Research
• /
• 제23권1호
• /
• pp.21-27
• /
• 2018

Air pollution index (API) is used in Mainland China and includes only $SO_2$, $NO_2$ and $PM_{10}$. In 2016, air quality index (AQI) replaced API. AQI contains three more air pollutants (CO, $O_3$ and $PM_{2.5}$). Both the indices emphasize on the effect of a single pollutant, whereas the contributions of all other pollutants are ignored. Therefore, in the present work, a novel air quality index (NAQI), which emphasizes on all air pollutants, has been introduced for the first time. The results showed that there were 19 d (5.2%) in API, 28 d (7.7%) in AQI and 183 d (50.1%) in NAQI when the indices were more than 100. In API, $PM_{10}$ and $SO_2$ were regarded as the primary pollutants, whereas all five air pollutants in AQI were regarded as primary. Furthermore, four air pollutants (other than the CO) in NAQI were regarded as primary pollutants. $PM_{10}$, as being the primary pollutant, contributed greatly in these air quality indices, and accounted for 51.2% (API), 37.0% (AQI) and 52.6% (NAQI). The results also showed that particulate matter pollution was significantly high in Luzhou, where stricter pollution control measures should be implemented.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
• /
• 제23권4호
• /
• pp.48-59
• /
• 2018

Beryllium (Be), cobalt (Co), thallium (Tl) and vanadium (V) are candidates of 21 priority soil pollutants in Korea. The distribution of their concentration in soils from three contamination sources including industrial, roadside and mining areas was investigated. Concentrations of the metals were evaluated quantitatively using pollution indices and the fractionation of metals was conducted using modified SM&T (Standards Measurements and Testing programme) sequential extraction. Concentrations of the metals for all samples from industrial and roadside soils were within the range of natural background levels, while some of Be in soils from abandoned mines exceeded that the range. Enrichment Factor (EF) and Nemerow Integrated Pollution Index (NIPI) for Be, Co, Tl and V showed that there are effects or possibilities of anthropogenic activities. Pollution Load Index (PLI) analyses indicated all investigated sites needed further monitoring. The results of sequential extractions indicated mobile fractions (F1+F2) of Be, Tl and V were below 30% except some of Co in soil, which implies their low mobility to neighboring environment media. Variable tools like sequential extraction, comparison with background/actual concentration and pollution indices, as well as aqua regia extraction should be considered when evaluating Be, Co, Tl, V in soil.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
• /
• 제9권2호
• /
• pp.101-113
• /
• 2015

Air quality index (AQI) or air pollution index (API) is commonly used to report the level of severity of air pollution to public. A number of methods were developed in the past by various researchers/environmental agencies for determination of AQI or API but there is no universally accepted method exists, which is appropriate for all situations. Different method uses different aggregation function in calculating AQI or API and also considers different types and numbers of pollutants. The intended uses of AQI or API are to identify the poor air quality zones and public reporting for severity of exposure of poor air quality. Most of the AQI or API indices can be broadly classify as single pollutant index or multi-pollutant index with different aggregation method. Every indexing method has its own characteristic strengths and weaknesses that affect its suitability for particular applications. This paper attempt to present a review of all the major air quality indices developed worldwide.