• 한국응용곤충학회지
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• 제39권3호
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• pp.193-197
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• 2000

Wolbachia는 몇몇 곤충류에 공생하는 세포내 공생세균으로서 수직 감염되며, 숙주의 세포질 불화합성, 단위생식, 자성화 등을 유도한다. 현재까지 알려진 Wolbachia는 비병원성이지만 돌연변이인 popcorn은 숙주인 초파리(Drosophila melanogaster)에 수직 감염되어 성충의 조직괴사와 조기 사망 등의 병원성을 나타낸다. Popcorn에 감염된 초파리는 알과 유충 발육기간이 연장되고, 번데기 기간은 단축되는 경향을 보이며, 성충의 수명이 단축되었다. 또한 비병원성 Wolbachia에 감염된 경우보다 산란율은 15%, 부화율은 80% 수준으로 감소하였고, 용화율은 67%, 우화율은 65%에 불과하였다. Popcorn과 비병원성 Wolbachia간의 교배에서 감염된 초파리는 모두 산란수의 감소와 차세대 부화율, 용화율, 우화율 등의 감소를 초래하였으며, popcorn에 감염된 초파리의 특성을 나타냈다. Wolbachia에 감염되지 않은 초파리와의 교배에서 popcorn 감염 초파리가 수컷인 경우 Wolbachia가 검출되지는 않았다. 따라서 popcorn은 초파리에서 모체 전염되지만, 세포질 분화합성은 유도하지 않으며, 초파리의 초기발육의 지연, 생식의 저하, 성충수명의 단축을 야기하는 등 병원성을 나타냈다.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.36-40
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• 2016

Mulberry fruits also have tremendous potential for providing various valuable industrial products of very high economic value for human beings. Nevertheless, through global warming, the popcorn disease caused by sclerotia forming fungi reduces the productivity of mulberry fruits in worldwide. So, in this study, we investigated damage ratio of mulberry popcorn disease in mulberry fruit production farm (Buan, Jeongueb, Sangju, Gochang in Korea). In Jeonbuk Buan, popcorn disease rate was the highest about 30%, on the other hand, in case of Gyungbuk Sangju and Jeonbuk Gochang, not damage. Also, we investigated about popcorn disease prevention by various of chemical treatment methods.

• 식물병연구
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.173-178
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• 2019

2017년도에서 2018년도까지 오디 생산용 뽕나무에 발생하는 주요 병해충 발생양상을 조사하였다. 병은 균핵병 등 5종, 해충은 뽕나무이 등 4종이 수확 전에 피해를 주는 것으로 조사되었다. 본 연구에서는 가장 큰 문제를 일으키는 균핵병과 뽕나무이에 의한 피해를 예방하기 위해 약제 체계별 방제효과를 조사하였다. 균핵병과 뽕나무이를 동시에 방제하기 위한 체계처리 결과는 관행방제구의 방제효과가 66.7%이었던 반면 종합방제구는 89.3%로 방제효과가 우수하였다. 실험 결과를 바탕으로 균핵병 예방을 위해 2월부터 순차적으로 약제를 처리하면서 4월 중하순에 균핵병과 뽕나무이를 동시방제하는 것이 방제에 필요한 노동력도 경감하고 병해충 발생생태에 맞춘 방제방법으로 오디 생산 현장에서 활용도가 높을 것으로 생각된다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.489-494
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• 1998

For the purpose of improving the qualities of popcorn, potato, frozen hotdog and steamed egg, the effects of food height(0mm: HO, 5mm: H5, 10mm, 15mm: H15) for microwave cooking on physicochemical properties were investigated. In popcorn, weight loss was decreased as height increased while volume of popcorn was increased, which indicated that popcorn was poped very well as height increased. H10 showed the highest taste score in sensory evaluation. In potato, degree of gelatinization was increased as hight increased. H10 showed the highest overall acceptance score. In frozen hotdog, hardness of hotdog was decreased as hight increased and H15 showed the lowest hardness score (408.8g). In steamed egg, H5 showed the highest temperature and H10 showed the highest overall acceptance score. Physicochemical properties of food were changed by heating height of microwave heating.

• 한국작물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국작물학회 2022년도 추계학술대회
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• pp.91-91
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• 2022

Popcorn grains are consumed around 10,000 tons per year, in South Korea. It is consumed in amusement parks, movie theaters and snacks. The size of the popcorn processed market in Korea is estimated to be 3.6 billon won per year. So, the popcorn grain market has good prospects. On the other hand, domestic grain is at the level of 1 %, which is less domestic production than the size of the market. Maize Research Institute has developed domestic varieties in order to increase the use of domestically produced grains. The Oyrunpopcorn variety which was commonly distributed is a preferred cultivar because it has a good popping rate compared to imported grains. In addition, 'G-Popcom', 'Oyrun #2' and 'Kichan Popcorn' were developed, which diversified the choice of the farmers. Yield per unit area is important to improve farmers' income. At present, domestic grain production is traded at 5,000 won/kg, so if the yield improves, a high farmer^ income is expected. Therefore, this study compared the growth characteristics and yield according to the appropriate sowing time and plant density to improve the yield of domestically grown popcorn. We used 'Oryunpopcorn', for this research. Agronomic characteristics were compared by sowing times April 23, May 22 and June 22. The 100 seeds weight were 15.9g, 17.7g and 15.0g, respectively. Kernel weight planted in May 22 is the highest value. Yield per 10a were 414kg, 434kg and 296kg, respectively. It shows the yield planted in May 22 was higher than other trials. Therefore, the sowing time to increase the kernel weight and yield is appropriate for planting in mid-May. The number of plants in planting density trial was 5,700 plants, 4,700 plants and 4,000 plants in 10a area. Plant height at each trial were 221 cm, 214cm and 218cm, respectively. It was the highest height in 5,700 plants trials. The 100 kernel weight were 14.8g, 15.9g and 16.5g, respectively. Low planting density trial indicated high kernel weight. Yield per 10a was 415kg, 357kg and 314kg, respectively. It was higher at high density trial than other experimental plots. Therefore, appropriate sowing time was in mid-May and planting density was 5,700 plants/10a in order to increase the yield of popcorn in South Korea. This study will be useful for farmer's income to use the domestic cultivars.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제28권6호
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• pp.435-444
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• 2020

Background: As the Positive List System (PLS) is implemented in broad application to agricultural products, attention to the correct use of pesticides is also needed in the production of mulberry leaves and fruit. In this regard, three types of pesticides against mulberry popcorn disease were applied 2 - 3 times both in the field and greenhouses to prepare safety standards. Residual pesticide analysis was conducted on mulberry fruits and leaves. Methods and results: Three pesticieds, thiophanate-methyl, thiophanate-methyl·triflumizole and fluopyram registered as PLS pesticides for mulberry popcorn disease, were sprayed in the Wanju and in Buan regions, after which residual pesticide analysis was conducted using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). As three pesticieds were either undetected or below the permissible level in mulberry fruit, demonstrating that they were suitable for safe spraying. However, 5.6 mg/kg of thiophanate-methyl was detected in the greenhouse after three application, which was slightly above maximum residue limit (MRL). Furthermore the level of thiophanate-methyl·triflumizole was higher than 0.2 mg/kg ("Gwasang No. 2" variety, spraying twice) or similar to 0.09 mg/kg ("Daesim" variety, spraying thrice) the permissible level (0.1T mg/kg) as the thiophanate-methyl was detected in mulberry leaves in the greenhouse. Conclusions: The spraying frequency for controlling mulberry popcorn disease in greenhouses should be limited to two times or less, especially when mulberry leaves are treated with thiophanate-methyl·triflumizole careful consideration is required if the leaves are to be used as food materials.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제6권5호
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• pp.381-388
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• 2012

The objective of this study was to determine protein quality and hematological properties of infant diets formulated from local food materials. The food materials were obtained locally, fermented, and milled into flour. The flours were mixed as 70% popcorn and 30% African locust bean (FPA), 70% popcorn and 30% bambara groundnut (FPB), and 70% popcorn, 20% bambara groundnut, and 10% African locust bean (FPAB). Proximate analysis, protein quality, hematological properties, and anthropometric measurements of the animals fed with the formulations were investigated. The protein contents of the formulated diets were significantly higher than that of Cerelac (a commercial preparation) ($15.75{\pm}0.01g$/100 g) and ogi (traditional complementary food) ($6.52{\pm}0.31g$/100 g). The energy value of FPAB ($464.94{\pm}1.22\;kcal$) was higher than those of FPA ($441.41{\pm}3.05\;kcal$) and FPB ($441.48{\pm}3.05\;kcal$). The biological value (BV) of FPAB (60.20%) was the highest followed by FPB (44.24%) and FPA (41.15%); however, BV of the diets was higher than that of ogi (10.03%) but lower than that of Cerelac (70.43%). Net protein utilization (NPU) of the formulations was 41.16-60.20%, whereas true protein digestibility was 41.05-60.05%. Metabolizable energy (232.98 kcal) and digestible energy (83.69 kcal) of FPAB were the highest, whereas that of FPA had the lowest values. The protein digestibility values corrected for amino acid score of the diets (0.22-0.44) were lower than that of Cerelac (0.52), but higher than that of ogi (0.21). The growth patterns and hematological properties (packed cell volume, red blood cells, hemoglobin, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, and mean corpuscular volume) of the formulated diets were higher than those of ogi, but lower than those of Cerelac. In conclusion, we established that the FPAB food sample was rated best in terms of protein quality over the other formulated diets. Therefore, a FPAB blend may be used as a substitute for ogi.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제34권5호
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• pp.438-446
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• 2019

본 연구는 강원도에서 육성한 오륜팝콘, 오륜2호, 지팝콘, 기찬팝콘 총 4품종 팝콘 옥수수의 영양성분을 분석하여 비교하였으며, 항목은 일반성분, 무기성분, 지방산, 아미노산, 환원당 및 전분함량을 분석하였다. 건조된 팝콘 옥수수 품종의 수분함량, 회분, 조지방은 각각 11.54-12.54%, 0.97-1.45%, 2.48-2.62%의 함량을 나타냈다. 조단백질 함량은 9.68-11.75% 이였다. 무기성분으로는 칼륨과 인이 가장 조성비가 높게 나타났으며 칼륨은 228.25-310.46 mg/100 g의 범위로 나타났으며 오륜팝콘이 가장 함량이 높았고, 인의 함량은 276.04-310.00 mg/100 g의 함량을 나타냈다. 지방산은 총 11종이 검출되었으며 linoleic acid의 함량이 전체 지방산 함량의 52.89--55.76%의 분포로 가장 높은 함량을 나타냈고, 그 다음으로 oleic acid(24.31-26.65%), palmitic acid(14.20-15.92%) 인 것으로 나타났다. 아미노산은 품종별로 총 16종의 아미노산이 검출되었으며, glutamic acid가 전체 아미노산의 17.70-18.52%로 가장 높았고, leucine(12.30-12.54%), proline(10.34-10.92%)의 순으로 조성비가 높게 나타났다. 품종별 환원당 함량은 4.68-5.13% 이였으며, 전분은 42.14-46.14%의 함량을 나타냈다.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.41-49
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• 2016

We bred a mulberry cultivar named Shimgang, through local adaptability test, which is under registration as a new cultivar for fruit production. Local adaptability test had been carried out at four local places(Suwon, Chuncheon, Buan and Jinju) for five years from 2011. This variety 'Shimgang' belongs to Morus Microphylla Buckl. selected from seedlings imported from USA. Shimgang was resistant to popcorn disease and high yielding variety in fruit productivity by 111% compared to control cultivar 'Shimheung(Morus alba L.)' for three years. Although fruits of 'Shimgang' was smaller in size and lower in sugar content of mulberry fruits, it showed stronger resistance than that of 'Shimheung'. It is adaptable to every where except the places where cold and late frost damage happen frequently.

• 식물병연구
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.308-312
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• 2013

The popcorn disease caused by sclerotia forming fungi reduces the productivity of mulberry fruits in world wide. In Korea, only two species (Ciboria shiraiana and Scleromitrula shiraiana) have been reported as the major causal organisms and their morphological features are also largely unknown. Hereby, we report the first identification of another species (i.e. Ciboria carunculoides) in Korea and detailed features of their anamorphic stage. Fungi dominantly associated with sclerotia were purely isolated from infected mulberry fruits under the microscope. PCR-amplified DNA encoding 5.8S rRNA displayed 100% similarity to Ciboria carunculoides. The anamorphic features exhibited the absence of true mycelia. Instead, very short, aseptated, branched conidiophores were directly emerged from sclerotia. Phialides were usually three in number from each conidiophore, ampuliform to navicular in shape, slightly curved and tapering towards the apex. Conidia were produced from phialides and mostly found as one celled, pear shaped, not hyaline with smooth to uneven surface walled. Diversely modified features in phialides formed pseudo-mycelial structures around the host tissue. Combined all, current study is the first report of C. carunculoides isolated in Korea and the foremost detailed description of its anamorph stage.