• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.627-636
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• 2023

The essence of subgrade mud pumping under train load is the migration of fine particles in subgrade soil. The migration of fine particles will change the pore structure of overlying ballast, thus affecting the mechanical properties and hydraulic properties of ballast layer. It is of great theoretical significance and engineering value to study the effect of fine particle migration on the pore structure of ballast layer under cyclic loading. In this paper, a tailor-made subgrade mud pumping test model and an X-ray computed tomography (CT) scanning equipment were used to study the influence of migration of fine particles in subgrade soil on the pore parameters (plane porosity, volume porosity, pore distribution and pore connectivity) of overlying ballast under cyclic loading. The results show that the compression of ballast pores and the blockage of migrated fine particles make the porosity of ballast layer decreases gradually. And the percentage of small pores in ballast layer increases, while the percentage of large pores decreases; the connectivity of pores also gradually decreases. Based on the test results, an empirical model of ballast porosity evolution under cyclic loading is established and verified.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.236-242
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• 2005

Membrane fouling by protein mixtures during microfiltration has been investigated for binary mixtures of bovine serum albumin (BSA), casein, lysozyme, pepsin, and ovalbumin. Filtration experiments were carried out using $0.2{\mu}m$ polycarbonate track-etched (PCTE) membrane in a stirred cell under constant transmembrane pressure (14 kPa) and concentration of hydrogen ion (pH=11) to study the effect of mixture composition on filtrate flux decline. Flux decline data were analyzed using a pore blockage-cake formation model developed recently. It was found that the model is in a good agreement with the experimental data. Fouling parameters such as the rate of pore blockage(${\alpha}$), the initial resistance of the protein deposit ($R_{po}$) and the increasing rate of the protein layer resistance(${\beta}$) were used to evaluate the rate of filtrate flow by membrane fouling in the binary mixture system. Generally, the trend of ${\alpha}$ is comparable with that of filtrate flux decline. It was also found that fast flux decreasing was observed over the binary mixture containing casein. The result is due to high value of the initial resistance of the protein deposit ($R_{po}$) over casein.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.95-107
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• 2017

Adsorption equilibrium and kinetic behavior of two toxic heavy metals hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] and mercury [Hg(II)] on mustard oil cake (MOC) was studied. Isotherm of total chromium was of concave type (S1 type) suggesting cooperative adsorption. Total chromium adsorption followed BET isotherm model. Isotherm of Hg(II) was of L3 type with monolayer followed by multilayer formation due to blockage of pores of MOC at lower concentration of Hg(II). Combined BET-Langmuir and BET-Freundlich models were appropriate to predict Hg(II) adsorption data on MOC. Boyd's model confirmed that external mass transfer was rate limiting step for both total chromium and Hg(II) adsorptions with average diffusivity of $1.09{\times}10^{-16}$ and $0.97m^2/sec$, respectively. Desorption was more than 60% with Hg(II), but poor with chromium. The optimum pH for adsorptions of total chromium and Hg(II) were 2-3 and 5, respectively. At strong acidic pH, Cr(VI) was adsorbed by ion exchange mechanism and after adsorption reduced to Cr(III) and remained on MOC surface. Hg(II) removal was achieved by complexation of $HgCl_2$ with deprotonated amine ($-NH_2$) and carboxyl (COO-) groups of MOC.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.131-140
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• 1993

A new model which requires one branch of main curves for the model calibration is developed based on the assumption that the weighting factor accounting for the pore blockage effect against air entry, $P_a({\theta})$, in Mualem's Model III-1 has a linear relation to the dimensionless pore radius r. The proposed model simulates experimental data more accurately than existing models which require one branch of main curves for the model calibration. Previous study showed that Model III-1 is the most appropriate model among domain models which require two branches of main curves for the model calibration. In comparison of the proposed model with Model III-1, both simulate hysteresis curves with almost the same accuracy. The proposed model can be applied efficiently in analyzing the unsaturated flow.

• Korean Journal of Hydrosciences
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• v.4
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• pp.33-49
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• 1993

The Purpose of this study is to classify existing hysteresis models and to discuss a possibility of a new type of the hysteresis model. The existing hysteresis models are classified into three types: the interpolation model, the scaling model and the domain model, of which only domain model is to simulate hysteresis curves based on the theoretical approach, It is useful to develop a hysteresis model that requires only one branch of hysteresis curves for the model calibration because obtaining hysteresis curves by experiments is expensive and time-concept by many investigators, however their models are not successful to accurately simulate real data of Rubicon Sandy Loam and Dune Sand. There is a possibility that a new model is based on the dependent domain concept considering the weighting factor, $P_a$($\theta$), which accounts for the pore blockage effect against air entry. Conclusively, a new model where the weighting factor $P_a$($\theta$) in Model III-1 (Mualem, 1984) reduces to a known variable through an appropriate method is an alternative model which required only one branch of main curves for the model calibration.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 1991.07a
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• pp.221-230
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• 1991

Various Models of the moisture content-capillary pressure hysteresie based on the approach of domain concept in porous media are compared with each other, Model III-1(Mualem, 1984) is superio to others as expected. A new model based on Model III-1 is proposed of which asuumption is the linearization of P$$($\theta$) accounting for the pore blockage effect against air-entry. The feature of this model is that only one branch of boundary curve is needed to calibrate it, which is the advantage to Model III-1. The prediction of boundary drying curve from boundary wetting curve using this model is better than that using Model I-1, II-1 compared with the experimental data. This model is to simulate scanning curves, while Model I-1, II-1 is not.

• Journal of Electrochemical Science and Technology
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.339-345
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• 2021

Spent activated carbons (SACs) collected from a water treatment plant were regenerated and then adopted as electrochemical material in capacitors. The SACs used in this study were regenerated via two steps, namely thermal and chemical activation. However, during the activation process, the adsorbates were converted into ashes, which caused pore blockage and decreased specific surface area. The regenerated SACs were washed with acid solutions with different levels of acidity (strong: HCl, mild: H₃PO₄, and weak: H₂O₂) to remove the ashes. The regenerated SACs washed with HCl exhibited the highest specific surface area, although their capacitance was not the highest. Conversely, the specific surface area of regenerated SACs washed using H₃PO₄ was slightly lower than that of HCl, but exhibited higher capacitance and electrochemical stability. Although the strong acid removed the generated ashes in the pores efficiently, it could adversely affect their structural stability, which would lead to lower capacitance.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.547-553
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• 2007

The catalytic cracking of n-octane over FER, MFI, MOR and BEA zeolites was studied by the protolytic cracking mechanism in order to understand the effect of pore structure of zeolites on their product composition and deactivation. The selectivities for $C_3$ and $C_3{^=}$ were high over the zeolites with medium pores due to additional cracking, while those for $C_4$ and $C_4{^=}$, the initial products, were high over the zeolites with large pores. MFI zeolite showed slow deactivation due to small carbon deposit, while FER zeolite with small pores deactivated rapidly with severe carbon deposit. The deactivation of BEA zeolite was slow even with a large amount of carbon deposit, but MOR zeolite showed a rapid deactivation even with a small amount of carbon deposit. The conversion measured along with the time on stream on these zeolite catalysts was simulated by a mechanism based on the simplified reaction path of n-octane cracking and the deactivation related to the pore blockage by carbon deposit.

• Membrane and Water Treatment
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.231-235
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• 2020

Industrialization and modern developments have led to an influx of toxic heavy metals into the aquatic environment, and the accumulation of heavy metals has serious adverse effects on humans. Among the various heavy metal treatment methods, adsorption is very useful and frequently used. Plastic materials, such as polypropylene and polyethylene, have been widely used as filter media due to their mechanical and chemical stability. However, the surface of plastic material is inert and therefore the adsorption capability of heavy metals is very limited. In this study, granular media and fiber media composed of polypropylene and polyethylene are used, and the surface modification was conducted in order to increase adsorption capability toward heavy metals. Oxygen plasma generated hydroxyl groups on the surface of the media to activate the surface, and then acrylic acid was synthesized on the surface. The grafted carboxyl group was confirmed by FT-IR and SEM. Heavy metal adsorption capability of pristine and surface modified adsorbents was also evaluated. Overall, heavy metal adsorption capability was increased by surface modification due to electrostatic interaction between the carboxyl groups and heavy metal ions. Fibrous PP/PE showed lower improvement compared to granular PP media because pore blockage occurred by the surface modification step, thereby inhibiting mass transfer.

• Water for future
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.65-77
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• 1992

The purpose of this study is to analyse existing hysteresis models and to propose a new type of model. The existing hysteresis models are classified by three types: interpolation model, scaling model and domain model, of which the domain model is based on the theoretical approach. Models which need one branch of hysteresis loop for calibration are developed based on the independent domain concept, however, they are not successful to accurately simulate the real data and Rubicon Sandy Loam and Dune Sand. There is a possibility that a new model is based on the dependent domain model considering the pore blockage effect against air entry for homogeneous porous media(modelIII-1, Mualem, 1984). Concludingly, a new type of hysteresis model is proposed by simplifying ModelIII-1 using a proper assumption.