• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.1003-1012
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• 2007

Purpose: The role of sex role identity types and health promoting behaviors in relation to premenstrual symptoms and interrelatedness among the three variables were examined. Methods: A cross sectional descriptive study was employed with 327 female university students. KSRI, HPLP, and MDQ were used as measurement tools. Results: Four types of sex role identities were classified; undifferentiated(33.7%), androgyny (32.7%), masculinity(16.8%), and femininity(16.8%) in order. Premenstrual symptoms(F=3.11, p= .027) and health promoting behaviors(F=12.74, p= .000) were significantly different by sex role identity types. As determinants of premenstrual symptoms, health promoting behaviors for all subjects, stress coping for the feminine type, and interpersonal relationships for the undifferentiated type were identified. In discriminating between the feminine type and undifferentiated type, premenstrual symptoms and self responsibility were shown as significant factors. Conclusion: Interrelatedness among sex role identity, health promoting behaviors and premenstrual symptoms imply the importance of a psychosocial aspect in premenstrual symptoms. Therefore, these three variables should be applied more specifically for nursing assessment and management of women having premenstrual symptoms.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.104-115
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• 2017

Objectives The purpose of this study was to investigate the premenstrual symptoms according to Sasang constitution and to utilize for understanding the characteristics of Sasang constitution. Methods Thirty one female university students participated in this study and Sasang Constitution and patterns of premenstrual symptoms was determined by Questionnaire for Sasang Constitution Classification (QSCC) II and premenstrual symptoms screening tool, respectively. For statistical analysis, chi-square test, analysis of variance and correlation test has been used. Results There existed significant differences in menstrual symptoms between Sasang constitutions. Taeumin had higher body mass index in severe PMS(Premenstrual Symptoms) group than normal/mild PMS group, and Soyang in and Soeumin are vice versa. Taeumin showed depressed mood and hopelessness, decreased interest in school activities, Soyangin showed decreased interest in home activities, and Soeumin showed decreased interest in social activities. In terms of interfered functional activities, Soyangin had increased feeling overwhelmed or out of control and Taeumin and Soeumin had increased hypersomnia. Conclusion Menstrual symptoms are different among Sasang constitutional types based on PSST(Premenstrual Symptoms Screening Tool). These results may serve as the basis in identifying and treating premenstrual syndromes related to Sasang constitution.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.52-62
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• 1997

This study was designed to determine the frequency of premenstrual dysphoric disorder in gynecological outpatients, and also attempted to compare premenstrual change characteristics, functional impairment due to premenstrual changes and frequency of risk factors reported by women with confirmed premenstrual changes$(PMC^+)$(n=17) and those without confirmed premenstrual changes$(PMC^-)$(n=23). Forty gynecological outpatients who complained of premenstrual discomforts were asked to complete questionnaires on menstrual history, obstetric-gynecological history, and premenstrual change and functional impairment. The women were also asked to complete a daily rating form based on DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for one menstrual cycle. Absolute severity method, effect size method and percent change method were used to assess changes between follicular phase and luteal phase. The results of the study were as follows: 1) The frequency of premenstrual dysphoric disorder according to each of the three methods was 5% for the absolute severity method, 15% for the effect size method, and 27.5% for the percent change method. 2) The frequently reported symptoms were as follow: physical symptoms(64.7%) : lethargy, easy fatigability, or marked lack of energy(41.2%) : decreased interest in usual activities(29.4%) ; and marked affective lability(23.5%). 3) There were no significant differences in onset ages of premenstrual changes, regularities of premenstrual changes and changes of severity and duration of premenstrual symptoms over time between women with and without confirmed premenstrual changes. However, women with confirmed premenstrual changes reported both physical and emotional symptoms as earliest symptoms most frequently, while women without confirmed premenstrual changes reported only physical symptoms most frequently. 4) functional impairment was significantly higher in women with confirmed premenstrual changes than those without confirmed premenstrual changes, but impairment was not severe. 5) No differences were found between women with and without confirmed premenstrual changes in risk factors including demographic data, menstrual and obstetric and gynecological history. These results suggest that the prevalence of premenstrual dysphoric disorder varies with scoring methods. The women with confirmed premenstrual changes reported physical symptoms most frequently(64.7%). functional impairment was significantly higher in women with confirmed premenstrual changes, but impairment was not severe.

• Journal of the Korean Society of School Health
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.106-114
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• 2020

Purpose: This study was performed to measure the influence of premenstrual syndrome coping strategies and food cravings on premenstrual syndrome symptoms among female college students. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was done with the participation of 509 female college students in D city. Data were analyzed using a t-test, ANOVA, Scheffé test, Pearson's correlation coefficients, and Hierarchical multiple regression. Results: The average scores for PMS coping mechanisms, food cravings, and premenstrual syndrome symptoms were 1.58, 2.32, and 2.82, respectively. There were significant differences in PMS symptoms according to food, menarcheal age, menstrual amount, menstrual pain and whether their mother or sister has dysmenorrhea. The factors influencing premenstrual syndrome symptoms of female college students were identified as avoidance (β=-.16, p<.001), menstrual cycle specific (β=-.11, p=.013), and cognitive restraint on eating (β=.13, p=.026). This factor explained 35% of female college students' premenstrual syndrome symptoms. Conclusion: Therefore, it is necessary to take appropriate stress coping measures for the subjects.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.162-170
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• 2004

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to differentiate between women with three perimenstrual symptom severity patterns : premenstrual syndrome(PMS), premenstrual magnification(PMM), and low symptom(LS), and to explore the related dietary factors to premenstrual symptoms. Method: Women were asked to keep a diary record of perimenstrual symptoms and food intake for 50 days. Result: Symptom patterns were defined for 26 among 38 women ; Eight(21.1%) demonstrated a PMS pattern, three(7.9%) demonstrated a PMM pattern, and fifteen(39.5%) exhibited a LS pattern. There were significant differences in symptom scores during the premenstrual phase($x^2=19.30$, p=.000), menstrual phase($x^2=13.32$, p=.001), and post menstrual phase($x^2=9.93$, p=.007) for three groups. Protein, vit E, vit C, niacin, folic acid, and phosphorus in the premenstrual phase, and energy, and vit B6 in the menstrual period were significantly different between the three groups. Among dietary compositions, amino acids, lipids, fatty acids, saturated fatty acids, natrium, vit B6, niacin, and vit E were negatively related to PMS symptoms. Conclusion: Pattern of perimenstrual symptoms should be differentiated for individualized PMS management. As a more efficient diet assessment for PMS women, randomized nutritional analysis during the 3 phases of the menstrual cycle should be done and a replication study is necessary with a larger sample.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.359-372
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• 2001

The study was intended to investigate the bothersome level of premenstrual symptoms, their pattern and to examine the relationships between menstrual attitude and the premenstrual symptoms. Two hundred sixty eight female students were recruited from a college located in Kyungido from March 1, 2001 to July 1, 2001. A general characteristics questionnaires, the premenstrual assessment form(PAF) and the menstrual distress questionnaire(MDQ) were used to measure the bothersome level of the premenstrual symptoms and the menstrual attitude. The data were analyzed by SPSS-PC+ program. The results of this study were as follows ; 1. All subject who were participated in the research reported more than one symptom in premenstrual period and the mean score of total categories in PAF was low(1.89). The subject had more symptoms of fatigue, abdominal bloating and discomfort, backache and muscle stiffness and among the 21 categories fatigue feature, hysteroid feature, water retention feature and miscellaneous mood/behavior change feature were prevalent. On the other hand organic mental feature and increased well-being feature were rare that premenstrual symptom has negative aspect than positive. 2. Degree of discomfort in premenstrual symptom was related with dysmenorrhea but other general characteristics. 3. In Menstruation attitude, the student in college recognized menstruation as natural but bothersome and causes negatives effects on body and emotion. 4. There were significant correlation(r=.395, p<0.000) between premenstrual symptom and level of Menstrual attitude. 5. Menstrual attitude explained 15.3% variance of PMS and five categories of menstrual attitude, especially factor 1(menstruation is a phenomena that weakens women physically and psychologically) was most highly correlated with PMS and explained 21.1% variance of PMS.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.231-239
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• 2020

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate factors affecting premenstrual symptoms among nursing students, focusing on depression, fatigue, and body esteem. Methods: The participants were 145 nursing students at a university located in Changwon, Korea. Data were collected from November 2 to November 30, 2019 using self-reported structured questionnaires, and analyzed using descriptive statistics, independent t-test, analysis of variance, Pearson correlation coefficients, and multiple regression analysis. Results: The mean item score for premenstrual symptoms was 2.52±0.92, indicating a low level. The mean score for depression was 16.05±7.72, and 15.2% of participants were found to be moderately depressed and 9.7% severely depressed. The mean item score for fatigue was 4.84±0.84, indicating a moderate level, and body esteem was 2.94±0.44, indicating a moderate level. The premenstrual symptoms of nursing students showed a statistically significant correlation with depression (r=-.58, p<.001), fatigue (r=.33, p<.001), and body esteem (r=-.28, p<.001). Factors impacting premenstrual symptoms of nursing students were depression (β=.47, p<.001), dysmenorrhea (β=-.18, p=.009), menstrual cycle irregularity (β=.17, p=.013), and body esteem (β=-.14, p=.038). The total explanatory power of these variables was 41.0%. Conclusion: Findings from this sample of nursing students suggest that intervention programs to relieve premenstrual symptoms should focus on depression, menstrual cycle irregularity, dysmenorrhea, and body esteem.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.290-294
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• 2010

Premenstrual syndrome is a common chronic disorder in most women of reproductive age. The main symptoms are depression, anxiety, tension, feeling out of control, and mastalgia. In premenstrual syndrome, the effects of aromatic edible Elsholtzia splendens and Cirsium japonicum were investigated for over 3 months in 30 women participants in their twenties. In the Elsholtzia splendens capsule treated group, scores of depression and anxiety were significantly lower than those in the Cirsium japonicum capsule treated group. Moreover, instability of the premenstrual assessment form was significantly decreased in the Elsholtzia splendens capsule treated group. Our results suggest that Elsholtzia splendens could be an effective plant material in relieving symptoms of premenstrual syndrome.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.52-60
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• 1996

Premenstrual symptoms can begin at anytime after menache and usually remit with menopause. Numerous studies of the premenstrual symptoms have been reported, based on mature woman and clinic patients. As yet, however, no prospective study has specially examined the extent or nature of PMS in adolescents. The authors investigated the pattern of mood, behavior and physical symptom changes in the menstrual cycle for 230 high school students who reported premenstrual symptoms by using Baily Rating form(DRF), The scores on 21 symptoms of DRF were recorded daily for at least one menstrual cycle. The results as follows : 1) 1.7%(4/230) of the subjects who reported premenstrual symptoms met criteria for premenstrual dysphoric disorder(PMDD) by 30% change criteria. 2) The pattern of symptom changes in the menstrual cycle showed a clear increase in mean daily symptom score at premenstrual -1,-2 day. and reaching a maximum scores at the first day, rapidly decreased at day 4 during menstruation. 3) The mean daily symptom score in the menstrual phase was significantly higher than those in the premenstrual and postmenstrual phase, and significantly higher in the premenstrual phase than that in postmenstrual phase. 4) The scores of the subjects with longer duration of menstrual bleeding were higher than those of the subjects with the shorter duration. Particularly in the menstrual phase, there was a significant difference on the mean scores of physical symptom duster between the longer and shorter group. These results demonstrated that the mean daily pattern of symptom changes in the menstrual cycle for the subjects was similar pattern of change for the PMDD group, except high level of symptom scores if premenstrual phase. The adolescents might experienced more physical discomfort than the other symptoms in the menstrual phase Especially the subject with longer duration of mense flow were more likely to report more discomfort than that of shorter duration.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.1000-1003
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• 2001

A yeast hydrolysate SCP-20 with anti-stress and mitigative effects for premenstrual syndromes (PMS) was composed with crude protein (57.5%) and carbohydrates (28.1%). For the investigation of anti-stress effect in the immobilization stressed rats, the weights of spleen, thyroid and kidney in the group of SCP-20 sdministration were significantly different from those in the group not given SCP-20. Total power (TP), suppression indicator of stress, was obtained from frequency of heart rate variability. TP was changed by the administration of SCP-20 suggesting that SCP-20 has the autonomous nervous control effect. In premenstrual assessment form(PAF), the administration of SCP-20 reduced the intensity of somatic symptoms, emotional symptoms, and behavioral symptoms.