• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.144-153
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• 2002

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to describe the premenstrual syndrome and the relationships among premenstrual syndrome, automatic thought, and perfectionism. Methods: The 164 subjects were selected from a nursing college in Tae-Jeon. The data were collected using the PAF, ATQ-N, and MPS from April 10th to May 10th, 2001. Results: The results of this study were as follows : 1. There was no significant difference in premenstrual syndrome due to menarche, duration of menstruation, and menstrual cycle, but significant difference in premenstrual syndrome due to amount of menstruation and regularity of menstrual cycle. 2. The subjects experienced mild premenstrual syndrome. The severe premenstrual syndromes above the mean were who subjects reported general physical discomfort, fatigue, low mood and loss of pleasure, lability and atypical depressive features, et. al., and those below the mean experienced hostility/anger, increased well-being, miscellaneous mood/behavior change, impulsive syndrome and miscellaneous physical changes, et. al. 3. The score of mean premenstrual syndrome was 236.55, that of automatic thought was 31.41 and that of perfectionism was 185.97. The premenstrual syndrome score was similar to those of other studies and subjects had low automatic thought and moderate perfectionism. 4. There were significant correlations among premenstrual syndrome, automatic thought, and perfectionism (P <. 001). 5. Automatic thought and perfectionism accounted for 17 percent of premenstrual syndrome. Conclusions: For future research, it was recommended that the study to identify major factors affecting premenstrual syndrome and the relationships between them with various subjects should be done and effective nursing intervention for premenstrual syndrome should be developed.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.257-266
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• 2017

Purpose: The aims of this study were to construct a hypothetical structural model which explains premenstrual coping in university students and to test the fitness with collected data. Methods: Participants were 206 unmarried women university students from 3 universities in A and B cities. Data were collected from March 29 until April 30, 2016 using self-report structured questionnaires and were analyzed using IBM SPSS 23.0 and AMOS 18.0. Results: Physiological factor was identified as a significant predictor of premenstrual syndrome (t=6.45, p<.001). This model explained 22.1% of the variance in premenstrual syndrome. Psychological factors (t=-2.49, p=.013) and premenstrual syndrome (t=8.17, p<.001) were identified as significant predictors of premenstrual coping. Also this model explained 30.9% of the variance in premenstrual coping in university students. A physiological factors directly influenced premenstrual syndrome (${\beta}=.41$, p=.012). Premenstrual syndrome (${\beta}=.55$, p=.005) and physiological factor (${\beta}=.23$, p=.015) had significant total effects on premenstrual coping. Physiological factor did not have a direct influence on premenstrual coping, but indirectly affected it (${\beta}=.22$, p=.007). Psychological factors did not have an indirect or total effect on premenstrual coping, but directly affected it (${\beta}=-.17$, p=.036). Conclusion: These findings suggest that strategies to control physiological factors such as menstrual pain should be helpful to improve premenstrual syndrome symptoms. When developing a program to improve premenstrual coping ability and quality of menstrual related health, it is important to consider psychological factors including perceived stress and menstrual attitude and premenstrual syndrome.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.462-475
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• 2023

This study is descriptive research to identify the effect of COVID-19 stress on premenstrual syndrome in female college students and the mediating effect of depression and coping with premenstrual syndrome. The data were collected through an on-line survey for 20 days from November 11 to November 30, 2021, targeting female college students attending C College located in S city. As a result of analyzing a total of 161 data, COVID-19 stress was positively correlated with premenstrual syndrome(r=.383, p<.001) and depression(r=.436, p<.001), and coping with premenstrual syndrome had a positive correlation only in premenstrual syndrome(r=.190, p=.016). As a result of verifying the mediating effect of depression and coping with premenstrual syndrome between COVID-19 stress and premenstrual syndrome, COVID-19 stress had a significant direct effect on premenstrual syndrome(β=4.907, p=.002), and depression(β=6.780, p<.001), and depression had a significant direct effect on premenstrual syndrome(β=.383, p=<.001), coping with premenstrual syndrome had a direct effect on premenstrual syndrome(β=4.292, p=.030) respectively. The indirect effect of verifying the mediating effect in the relationship between COVID-19 stress and premenstrual syndrome confirmed that there was a statistically significant effect only in the path via depression(95% CI, 1.282 to 4.140). Therefore, it is necessary to develop an intervention strategy to reduce depression and alleviate premenstrual syndrome symptoms by controlling related stress, such as COVID-19 stress, in preparation for the outbreak of new infectious diseases and pandemic situations such as COVID-19.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.61-70
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• 2016

Purpose: This study is an explorative survey to examine emotional labor, stress, and premenstrual syndrome among hospital nurses and to examine relationships among them. Methods: Data were collected from 228 nurses working at hospitals using structured questionnaires from September to October, 2014. Data were analyzed using SPSS 21.0 by frequency, descriptive statistics, t-test, one-way ANOVA, and Pearson's correlation coefficient. Results: Score of emotional labor was different by work time per week (F=4.03, p=.019), and menstrual amount (F=5.18, p=.006). Level of stress was different by marital status (t=2.29, p=.023), pattern of work (t=-3.63, p<.001), work time per week (F=3.39, p=.035), regularity of menstrual cycle (t=-4.20, p<.001), and exercise frequency (F=4.28, p=.015). Scores of premenstrual syndrome were different by regularity of menstrual cycle (t=-3.18, p=.002), and menstrual amount (F=5.88, p=.003). Emotional labor was related with perceived stress (r=.40, p<.001) and premenstrual syndrome (r=.23, p<.001). Also, perceived stress was related with premenstrual syndrome (r=.33, p<.001). Conclusion: Nurses' emotional labor, stress, and premenstrual syndrome were higher than the average. Emotional labor was correlated with stress and premenstrual syndrome, premenstrual syndrome with stress. This study shows that it is necessary to understand these relationships and to search for nursing intervention to ease emotional labor, stress, and premenstrual syndrome.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.185-199
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• 2012

Objectives: This study aimed to review the effects and treatment of Korean, Oriental, Chinese medicine for premenstrual syndrome(PMS) as preceding research in order to further research the effective Korean Medicine treatment for PMS. Methods: Databases from Jan., 2002 through Feb., 2012 were searched through Pubmed for international journals; Korean studies information service system(KISS), National Discovery for Science Leaders(NDSL), Journal of Korean Acumoxa, J of Oriental Obstetrics and Gynecology, J of Meridian and Acupoint, and J of Korean Oriental Medicine for Korean journals were searched for national journals. The following search terms were used: acupuncture premenstrual syndrome, alternative medicine premenstrual syndrome, traditional Chinese medicine(TCM), premenstrual syndrome for Pubmed, premenstrual syndrome(in Korean and English) for the remaining search. Results: Twenty four studies were included in this review. Conclusions: Alternative medicinal intervention such as acupuncture and herb medicine may be effective treatment method in controlling premenstrual syndrome and premenstrual dysphoric disorder(PMDD).

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.29-35
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• 2012

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to investigate effect of the lumbo-pelvic stabilization exercise on relief of menstrual pain and premenstrual syndrome of the female university students. Methods : Thirty female students with dysmenorrhea were participated in this study. Subjects divided into experimental group(n=15) and control group(n=15). Experimental group were given lumbo-pelvic stabilization exercise and control group didn't have any application to exercise. Menstrual pain measured by VAS(Visual Analogue Scale) and premenstrual syndrome measured by MDQ(Moos Menstrual Distress Questionnaire) scale. Results : The experimental group were significantly improved menstrual pain and symptoms of premenstrual syndrome, but negligible changes were found in the control group. Conclusion : This study show that lumbo-pelvic stabilization exercise is beneficial intervention for decrease menstrual pain and premenstrual syndrome.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.36-55
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• 2020

Objectives: The present study is carried out to review the efficacy of Korean, Oriental medicine on premenstrual syndrome. Methods: We searched for 7 internet worldwide databases in order to find the studies with the keywords of 'premenstrual syndrome', 'premenstrual syndrome & Oriental medicine', 'premenstrual syndrome & traditional Chinese medicine' and 'premenstrual syndrome & herbal medicine' from 2009 to 2019. after selecting studies based on own criteria, total 8 studies are finally included. the studies were assessed with the Cochrane risk of bias criteria and reviewed systematically. Results: After intervention, cured patient rate in test groups in all of studies were significantly higher than rate in control group. there were significant decrease in headache, anorexia, dry mouth, breast mass, mastodynia, agitation, irascibility, edema, dizziness, fever, anhedonia, depression, inability to sleep, profuse dreaming with herbal medicinal intervention. 3 of those studies checked hormonal level. Estradiol (E2) and Progesteron (P) changed significantly in 2 of studies. Prolactin (PRL) in 1 study decreased significantly. FSH (Follicle stimulating hormone) and LH (Luteinizing hormone) had no significant decrease in 1 study. Conclusions: This review suggests that herbal medicine on premenstrual syndrome is effective without serious adverse effects. however, since unclear risk of bias, the result of this study should be considered carefully. further clinical trials should be carried out in order to academical clinical progress regarding treatment of premenstrual syndrome.

• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.89-97
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• 2007

Purpose: This study was to examine the differences in the degree of premenstrual syndrome, dysmenorrhea, and stress according to the gender role identity of female university students. Methods: Data were collected by self-reported questionnaires from 308 female university students. Data analysis was done with SPSS 10.1 for descriptive statistics, ANOVA, and Duncan's multiple-range test. Results: The most prevalent type of premenstrual syndrome was androgenic(33.8%), followed by undifferentiated(25.0%). There was a significant difference in dysmenorrhea according to residence. In addition, there were significant differences in premenstrual syndrome according to age, and in stress according to age and economic status. Also, there was no significant difference according to dysmenorrhea and there were significant differences in premenstrual syndrome and dysmenorrhea according to gender role identity. Premenstrual syndrome and stress were the most prevalence in female type, but the lowest severe in masculine type. Conclusion: The study variables can be influencing factors in the gender role identity of female university students. Also, the findings can provide the basis for the development of nursing interventions to establish the gender role identity of female university students.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.290-294
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• 2010

Premenstrual syndrome is a common chronic disorder in most women of reproductive age. The main symptoms are depression, anxiety, tension, feeling out of control, and mastalgia. In premenstrual syndrome, the effects of aromatic edible Elsholtzia splendens and Cirsium japonicum were investigated for over 3 months in 30 women participants in their twenties. In the Elsholtzia splendens capsule treated group, scores of depression and anxiety were significantly lower than those in the Cirsium japonicum capsule treated group. Moreover, instability of the premenstrual assessment form was significantly decreased in the Elsholtzia splendens capsule treated group. Our results suggest that Elsholtzia splendens could be an effective plant material in relieving symptoms of premenstrual syndrome.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.80-93
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• 1988

This study was planned and carried out to investigate the correlation between premenstrual syndrome and personality in order to provide informations basic to the prevention, alleviation, and care for the premenstrual syndrome. Data on premenstrual syndrome were gatherd from October 20 to 25, 1986 by questionnaire modified by the researcher based on Endicott's Premenstrual Assessment Form. Reliability of the instrument was tested by Cronbach's $\alpha$. Data on personality were gathered in March, 1986, by the high school autorities by standardized Personality Inventory Scale developed by Eung Yun Hwang were used. Subjects numbered 457, 95.2% of the first grade students of H. Girls High School located in Seoul. The correlation and difference between personality traits and premenstrual syndrome analysed by Pearson's Correlation Coefficient, and difference between groups were analysed by the t-test. Personality traits influencing premenstrual syndromal categories were analysed by the multiple regression. The results are as follows : I. The five highist categories of premenstrual syndrome among 18 categories revealed to be Social withdrawal, General discomfort, Lability, Fatigue and Hostility / Anger in rank order. II. Personality traits and Premenstrual syndrome ; 1. Tendency of Psychoneuroses(r＝0.43, p＜.001), psychoses(r＝.39, p＜.001) and anti-social behaviors (r＝0.43, p＜.001) revealed to be significantly correlated to premenstrual syndrome. Hypothesis 1 is accepted. 2. Emotional stability(r＝ -0.38, p＜.001), reflectiveness (r＝ -0.14, p＜.01), masculinity (r＝ -0.10, p＜05) and antonomy (r＝ -0.12, p＜.05) revealed significant correlation, While activity, dominance, sociability and achivement revealed no significant correlation. Hypothesis 2 is partially accepted. III. Significant models of personality traits influencing the premenstrual syndromal categories are ; 1. 5 personality traits : tendency of psychoneuroses, emotional stability, dominance, activity and autonomy revealed to influence Low mood / loss of pleasure significantly. ($R^2$＝.19) 2. 3 personality traits ; tendency of psychoneuroses, emotional stability and sociability revealed to influence Lability significantly. ($R^2$＝.15) 3. 5 personality traits ; tendency of psychoneuroses, activity, emotional stability, sociability and achievement revealed to influence Anxiety significantly.($R^2$＝.18) 4. 3 personality traits : tendency of psychoneuroses, emotional stability and sociability revealed to influence Miscellaneous mood / behavior changes significantly.($R^2$＝.18) 5. 3 personality traits : tendency of psychoneuroses, psychoses and reflectiveness revealed to influence Hysteroid features significantly.($R^2$＝.16) IV. No significant correlation between irregularity of menstruation and premenstrual syndrome was revealed. No significant difference between group of dysmenorrhea and group of non-dysmenorrhea in premenstrual syndrome was revealed.