• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.25-27
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• 1992

160 day-old chicks of Rhode Island Red, White Leghorn and their crossbred with Naked neck chicken were reared upto 23 weeks of age at Bangladesh Agricultural University Poultry Farm in order to study the economic traits of birds. RIR had highest body weight gain (1494.39 g), followed by White Leghorn (1392.57 g), $RIR{\times}NN$ (1268.9 g) and White Leghorn ${\times}$ NN (1266.73 g). RIR showed significant difference (p < 0.05) to other groups of birds in body weight gain but difference were insignificant in between other birds. RIR showed better feed conversion ratio (4.72:1) but difference were insignificant (p > 0.05), however, $RIR{\times}NN$ exceled White Leghorn ${\times}$ NN in feed efficiency. $RIR{\times}NN$ had highest livability (90%) while White Leghorn had lowest (85%). Earlier sexual maturity was observed in White Leghorn (163 days) than RIR (168 days) but cross breds were similar in age at sexual maturity RIR were heaviest (1538.89 g) at age at sexual maturity, on the other hand $RIR{\times}NN$ were heavier (1315.39 g) than $WL{\times}NN$ (1306.77 g) at sexual maturity.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.59-75
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• 2002

1992년에 국내에서 최초로 가금티푸스 발생이 확인된 이래로 이 병 방제를 위한 여러 가지 예방 및 치료 방안의 강구에도 불구하고 최근까지 전국 양계농가에 만연하여 질병 발생에 의한 경제적 손실이 막대한 실정이다. 따라서 이질병에 대한 질병 저항성이 강한 것으로 널리 알려져 있는 백색란 산란계를 이용하여 갈색란 산란계와의 교배종 육성으로 국내 소비자들이 선호하는 유색란을 생산하면서 생산성이 우수하고 동시에 가금티푸스에 대한 높은 질병 저항성을 가진 합성종의 닭 품종 개발을 목적으로 현재 국내에 도입하여 사육하고 있는 몇가지 품종의 백색란 및 갈색란 생산 종계를 대상으로 선발한 동종 및 이종간의 교배 합성종 계통 닭에 대하여 가금티푸스 저항성을 비교 시험하였던 바 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. White Leghorn(WL), Rhode Island Red(RIR) 및 WL$\times$RIR교배종의 가금티푸스에 대한 질병 저항성 WL, RIR및 WL$\times$RIR닭 품종에 대하여 2주, 5주 및 8주령시에 각각 가금티푸스에 감염시킨 다음 2주간에 걸쳐 폐사율, 증체량, 접종균 회수율 및 응집항체 양성을 등을 비교 조사하였던 바, 폐사율에 있어서 WL은 시험 주령에 관계없이 전혀 폐사가 없었던 반면에 RIR은 감염 일령이 높아질수록 다소 감소는 하였으나 평균 86.2~64.1%의 높은 폐사율을 나타내었다. WL$\times$RIR교배종은 평균 20.7~2.9%의 폐사율을 나타내어 WL보다는 다소 높았으나 RIR보다는 훨씬 낮았다. 증체량에서는 공시 품종의 감염군 모두가 대조군 보다는 낮았으나 한편 감염 군간에 있어서는 WL과 WL$\times$RIR이 서로간에 유의차 없이 RIR보다 훨씬 더 높았다. 시험계의 뇌, 심장, 간장, 비장 및 맹장 등 체내 장기로부터 접종균의 회수율은 WL이 일령 증가에 따라 점차 증가하였으나 다른 품종들 보다는 현저히 낮았던 반면에 RIR은 80~90% 이상으로 매우 높았으며 WL$\times$RIR 교배종은 WL보다는 다소 높았으나 RIR보다는 상당한 차이로 낮았다. 항체 양성을에 있어서는 WL$\times$RIR이 WL 및 RIR보다도 높게 나타났다 2. Hyline white$\times$ Hyline brown(HwHb) , Hw$\times$ Isa brown(HwIb), Isa white$\times$Ib(IwIb), Iw$\times$Hb(IwIb) 및 Ib$\times$Iw(IbIw) 등 합성 교배종의 가금티푸스에 대한 질병 저항성 HwHb, Hwlb, Iwlb 및 IwHb 등 4가지 합성품종과 IbIw의 역교배종을 공시하여 6주령 시험계에 감염후 2주간에 걸쳐 폐사율, 증체량, 접종균 회수율 및 응집 항체 양성율 등으로 가금티푸스에 대한 질병 저항성을 비교 시험하였던 바, 공시 품종 모두가 가금티푸스에 대해 현저한 질병 저항성이 있는 것으로 인정되었으며 품종간 비교에서는 HwHb가 공시한 다른 품종들보다 더 강한 저항성을 가지고 있었다.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.286-296
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• 2007

Ozone creation potentials suited for Seoul metropolitan area was derived by utilizing the PAMS monitoring data and the source inventory. A simple box model with variable height was developed to calculate the incremental reactivity for all the ozone episode days in the year 2003 and 2004. RIR (Relative Incremental Reactivity) was introduced as a measure of contribution to ozone generation in the Seoul metropolitan area. RIR was defined as a function of ratio of VOC to $NO_x$ and therefore it addresses both VOC and $NO_x$ limited regime. For the days that more than 10 monitoring stations out of 27 monitoring station in Seoul recorded the daily maximum ozone concentrations higher than 70 ppb, toluene had the highest RIR value in all the type II and type III PAMS site and m/p-xylene followed with the second highest RIR value. Analyses using MIR (Maximum Incremental Reactivity) and POCP (Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential) instead of RIR also yields dominance of toluene and m/p-xylene in generating ozone concentrations to demonstrate the validity of RIR.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.177-183
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• 1996

This study was conducted to analyze genetic characteristics of Korean Native Chicken three lines classified on the basis of the feather color and appearance (Red, Yellow, and Black) using DNA fingerprinting method. To estimate the genetic relatedness among breeds and similarities within breeds, we collected blood samples from Korean Native Chicken (KNC), Rhode Island Red (RIR), White Leghorn (WL), and Cornish(CN) and obtained genomic DNA from the blood of 10 individuals randomly selected within the breeds and lines. The genomic DNA samples were digested with restriction enzymes (Hinf J, Hae Ill) and hybridized with various probes (Jeffreys' probes 33.15, 33.6 and M13) after Southern transfer. Genetic similarities within breeds were characterized by band sharing (BS) value, estimated by the DFP band pattern between the pair of lanes. BS values within WL, RIR, and KNC were 0.82, 0.70 and 0.56, respectively. Relative genetic diversity (BS value) of KNC was higher than those two breeds (WL, RIR). Estimation of genetic similarity between KNC lines and control breed (RIR) was 0.32, whereas similarity within KNC lines (6 groups) was 0.50. In this analysis, KNC was showed to have a highly genetic diver-sity at the DNA level, and to be closer in genetic distance to RIR (0.67) than any other breeds.

• 광물과 암석
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.431-445
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• 2022

점토질 암석의 광물함량을 효과적이고 실용적으로 분석하는 방법을 X-선 분말회절분석 실험을 통하여 연구하였다. 점토질 암석의 X-선 분말회절 정량분석을 위해서는 측면마운팅(side mounting) 방법에 의한 무작위 배향(random orientation)의 전암(whole-rock) 분말시료의 준비가 필요하다. 또한, 암석을 구성하고 있는 점토광물의 감정을 위하여 2 ㎛ 이하 점토입도의 배향성 마운트(oriented mount)시편의 준비와 에틸렌글리콜 처리, 열처리 등의 실험과정이 요구된다. 정량분석을 위하여 RIR(reference intensity ratio)방법과 리트벨트(Rietveld) 회절도 계산 방법을 사용하였다. RIR값을 사용하여 전암 X-선 회절도로부터 총 점토 함량과 비점토광물(non-clay minerals)들의 함량을 얻을 수가 있었다. 또한, 점토입도의 배향성 X-선 회절도로부터는 각각 점토광물의 상대함량을 계산하여 이를 총 점토광물에 할당할 수가 있었다. 전암 X-선 회절의 리트벨트 방법에서는 10°(2θ) 미만의 X-선 회절 영역은 제외한 후에 리트벨트 회절도를 계산하였을 때 효과적인 정량분석 값을 얻을 수 있었다. 분석결과는 RIR방법과 리트벨트 방법이 서로 근사한 정량분석 값을 보여주었다. 따라서, 연구결과는 실험실에서의 일상적인 점토질암의 광물정량분석을 성공적으로 수행하는 것이 가능함을 지시한다. 그러나, 점토광물은 화학적 및 구조적 특정이 다른 수많은 변종이 존재하기 때문에 점토질암의 정량분석은 아직도 도전해야 하는 과제이다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제12권7호
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• pp.1080-1084
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• 1999

Carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) balance technique was used to determine energy balance in Rhode Island Red (RIR) and White Leghorn (WL) laying hens fed maize-and broken rice (BR)- based diets. Carbon and nitrogen intake and outgo were determined for three days on ad libitum fed diets followed by 2/3 of ad libitum intake for next three days. Carbon analysis was done by using four 'U' tubes in which carbon dioxide released during bomb calorimetry was absorbed on drierite in tube 1 and 2 whereas tube 3 and 4 contained sodalime self indicating granule. Carbon in $CO_2$ was determined by an open circuit respiration system. Energy retention (E, kcal) was calculated as E = 12.386 C (g) - 4.631 N (g). By regressing metabolisable energy (ME) intake on energy balance, maintenance ME requirement of RIR was 128 whereas, that of WL hens was $144kcal/kg\;W^{0.75}/d$. Effciency of utilization of ME for maintenance from BR-based diet in RIR hens was equal but in WL hens it was 11% less than maize-based diet.

• 광물과 암석
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.227-239
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• 2021

자연산 시료의 광물함량을 X-선 분말회절분석에 의하여 실용적이고 효과적으로 정량분석하는 방법에 대하여 연구하였다. 이를 위하여 무작위 배향된 분말시료 마운트(randomly oriented powder sample mount)를 최적으로 제작하는 실험을 하였으며, 단일 피크강도를 표준물질과 비교하여 정량분석하는 레퍼런스 강도비(RIR) 방법과 X-선 회절도의 전패턴을 계산하는 리트벨드 방법의 효율성을 비교하는 실험을 수행 하였다. 또한, 비정질 광물이 포함된 시료를 리트벨드 방법에 의하여 정량분석하고 효율성을 검토하였다. 연구결과, 측면 마운팅(side mounting) 방법에 의하여 최적의 무작위 배향(random orientation)에 도달할 수 있었다. 또한, 특정 피크를 사용하는 RIR방법보다는 X-선 회절도의 전패턴을 사용하는 리트벨드 방법이 정량분석에 더 적합하였다. 그러나 어느 방법이든 분석기술 뿐만 아니라 분석자의 숙련된 경험을 필요로 한다. 리트벨드 방법에 의해 비정질 광물도 정량분석할 수 있었으며 분석결과는 지질해석을 가능하게 하였다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제30권10호
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• pp.1507-1514
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• 2017

Objective: The Bashang Long-tail chicken (BS), an indigenous Chinese breed, is considered cold tolerant. We selected BS, the Rhode Island Red (RIR), and their reciprocal crossbreds for the present study. The objectives were: i) to validate whether BS is cold tolerant and whether egg production and cold tolerance of crossbreds could be improved; and ii) to determine the physiological characteristics that underlie cold tolerance and favorable egg production performance in cold environments. Methods: A total of 916 chickens were reared in warm and natural cold environments (daily mean ambient temperature varied from $7.4^{\circ}C$ to $26.5^{\circ}C$ in the warm environment and from $-17.5^{\circ}C$ to $27.0^{\circ}C$ in the cold environment). To investigate their adaptability to the cold environment, the egg production performance and body weight were monitored and compared between breeds and environments. The cloacal temperature and serum biochemical parameters were monitored to reveal the physiological characteristics underlie cold tolerance and favorable egg production performance in the cold environment. Results: The warm environment experiment showed that RIR had the highest egg production performance, and that the reciprocal crossbreds had a higher egg production performance than BS. While in the cold environment RIR had the lowest egg production performance, and the reciprocal crossbreds had a higher egg production performance than BS. In the cold environment BS and reciprocal crossbreds had higher triiodothyronine, tetraiodothyronine levels than RIR. At 35 and 39 wk of age, when the ambient temperature was extremely low (varied from $-20^{\circ}C$ to $0^{\circ}C$), serum glucose, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, estradiol of BS and crossbreds were higher than RIR. Conclusion: Bashang Long-tail chicken has a favorable cold tolerance ability. Crossbreeding with RIR and BS is an effective way to develop cold tolerant chickens with improved egg production performance.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.127-137
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• 1997

This study was conducted to estimate the laying performance and heterosis of Korean Native Chicken(KNC), Rhode Island Red(RIR), and KNC x RIR crossbreds A total of 1,274 female pullets were produced from KNC, RIR and RIR crossbreds in National Livestock Research Institute, Korea. The experiment was conducted for 2O~64 weeks from Jan 20. to Nov.25, 1996. The age at first egg of crossbreds were 144.1~148.7 days. The first egg weight of crossbreds was 39. 4~40.3 g, and body weights at first egg of KNC dark brown strain x RlR(DR), KNC light brown strain x RlR(LR) and KNC dark black strain x RlR(BR) were 1,943 g, 1,925 g and 2,044 g, respectively. During the laying period the average viability of crossbreds was 96.6~98.3%. The hen-day egg production of crossbreds were 111.1~113.O eggs at 40 weeks of age, and 223.5~227.5 eggs at 64 weeks of age, respectively. The hen-day egg production peaks were 78.2~80.1% in KNC, and 85.8~87.5% in crossbreds. The heterosis were estimated to be 3.61%, 9.21%, 4.78%, 2.97% and -1.63% for the first egg days, body weights at first egg, layer viability, hen-day egg production, and feed conversion ratio, respectively.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제36권6호
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• pp.899-907
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• 2023

Objective: The better understanding of laying pattern of birds is crucial for developing breed-specific proper breeding scheme and management. Methods: Daily egg production until 50 wk of age of six chicken breeds including one layer (White Leghorn, WL), three dual-purpose (Rhode Island Red, RIR; Columbian Plymouth Rock, CR; and Barred Plymouth Rock, BR), one synthetic dwarf (DY), and one indigenous (Beijing-You Chicken, BYC) were used to characterize their clutch traits and egg production. The age at first egg, egg number, average and maximum clutch length, pause length, and number of clutches and pauses were calculated accordingly. Results: The egg number and average clutch length in WL, RIR, CR, and BR were higher than those in DY and BYC (p<0.01). The numbers of clutches and pauses, and pause length in WL, RIR, CR, and BR were lower than those in DY and BYC (p<0.01). The coefficient variations of clutch length in WL, RIR, CR, and BR (57.66%, 66.49%, 64.22%, and 55.35%, respectively) were higher than DY (41.84%) and BYC (36.29%), while the coefficient variations of egg number in WL, RIR, CR, and BR (9.10%, 9.97%, 10.82%, and 9.92%) were lower than DY (15.84%) and BYC (16.85%). The clutch length was positively correlated with egg number (r = 0.51 to 0.66; p<0.01), but not correlated with age at first egg in all breeds. Conclusion: The six breeds showed significant different clutch and egg production traits. Due to the selection history, the high and median productive layer breeds had higher clutch length than those of the less productive indigenous BYC. The clutch length is a proper selection criterion for further progress in egg production. The age at first egg, which is independent of clutch traits, is especially encouraged to be improved by selection in the BYC breed.