• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.85-93
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• 2016

We already reported that genetically engineered resveratrol-enriched rice (RR) showed to down-regulate skin melanogenesis. To be developed to increase the bioactivity of RR using calli from plants, RR was adopted for mass production using plant tissue culture technologies. In addition, high-pressure homogenization (HPH) was used to increase the biocompatibility and penetration of the calli from RR into the skin. We aimed to develop anti-melanogenic agents incorporating calli of RR (cRR) and nanoparticles by high-pressure homogenization, examining the synergistic effects on the inhibition of UVB-induced hyperpigmentation. Depigmentation was observed following topical application of micro-cRR, nano-calli of normal rice (cNR), and nano-cRR to ultraviolet B (UVB)-stimulated hyperpigmented guinea pig dorsal skin. Colorimetric analysis, tyrosinase immunostaining, and Fontana-Masson staining for UVB-promoted melanin were performed. Nano-cRR inhibited changes in the melanin color index caused by UVB-promoted hyperpigmentation, and demonstrated stronger anti-melanogenic potential than micro-cRR. In epidermal skin, nano-cRR repressed UVB-promoted melanin granules, thereby suppressing hyperpigmentation. The UVB-enhanced, highly expressed tyrosinase in the basal layer of the epidermis was inhibited by nano-cRR more prominently than by micro-cRR and nano-cNR. The anti-melanogenic potency of nano-cRR also depended on pH and particle size. Nano-cRR shows promising potential to regulate skin pigmentation following UVB exposure.

• THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN ORIENTAL ONCOLOGY
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.75-90
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• 1996

This experiment was designed to study the antitumor effects and Activity of Natural Killer Cell of semen Tiglii plus Rhizoma Rhei. The cytotoxic and antitumor effects were evaluated on human cell lines(A549, Caki-1, LL2, Sarcoma 180, NIH/3T3) after exposure to prebrewed Semen Tiglii plus Rhizoma Rhei water extract 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 1.6mg/ml using in MTT assay, LDH, colony forming efficency and SRB assay which were regarded as a valuable method for cytotoxic and antitumor effects of unknown compound on tumor cell lines. The results obtained in this studies were as follows. 1. From the result of MTT assay, the cytotoxicity of ST(生巴豆霜), ST+RR(生巴豆霜加大黃) were concentration-dependently increased in both group of the ST and ST+RR, the cytotoxicity of ST+RR(生巴豆霜加大黃) was similar to that of ST(生巴豆霜). 2. From the result of LDH, the cytotoxicity of ST, ST +RR were concentrati -on-dependently increased in both group of the ST and ST+RR, the cytotoxicity of ST+RR was similar to that of ST. 3. The antitumor effect on A549 tumor cell from the result of colony forming efficiency showed the inhibitory effect on the growth in both group of the ST and ST+RR, the inhibitory effect on growth was low slightly in the ST+RR. 4. From the result of SRB assay, the antitumor effect on caki-1 tumor cell of ST, ST+RR showed the inhibitory effect on the growth in both group of the ST and ST+RR, the antitumor effect of ST+RR was similar to that of ST. 5. Median survival time and increased life span were increased slightly in both group of the ST and ST+RR. 6. The inhibitory effect on the growth of Sarcoma 180 and Lewis lung carcinoma tumor cell were increased slightly in both group of the ST and ST+RR. 7. The activity of NK cell was increased in the ST+RR.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.35-48
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• 2020

Purpose: Gastrointestinal symptoms are often related to antibiotic treatment. Their incidence, risk and protective conditions in children are not well defined and represent the aims of this study. Methods: We prospectively enrolled inpatient children submitted to antibiotic treatment. Indication, type, dose and duration of treatment, probiotic supplementation and gastrointestinal symptoms were recorded at recruitment, after two and four weeks. Antibiotic-associated diarrhea (AAD) was defined as the presence of at least 3 loose/liquid stools within 14 days from antibiotic onset. Results: AAD occurred in 59/289 (20.4%) of patients, with increased risk in children younger than 3 years (relative risk [RR]=4.25), in lower respiratory (RR=2.11) and urinary infections (RR=3.67), intravenous administration (RR=1.81) and previous AAD episodes (RR=1.87). Abdominal pain occurred in 27/289 (9.3%), particularly in children >6 years (RR=4.15), with previous abdominal pain (RR=7.2) or constipation (RR=4.06). Constipation was recorded in 23/289 (8.0%), with increased risk in children having surgery (RR=2.56) or previous constipation (RR=7.38). Probiotic supplementation significantly reduced AAD (RR=0.30) and abdominal pain (RR=0.36). Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) and L. reuteri significantly reduced AAD (RR=0.37 and 0.35) and abdominal pain (RR=0.37 and 0.24). Conclusion: AAD occurred in 20.4% of children, with increased risk at younger age, lower respiratory and urinary tract infections, intravenous treatment and previous AAD. LGG and L. reuteri reduced both AAD and associated abdominal pain.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.15 no.12
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• pp.2655-2663
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• 2011

Several algorithms have been developed to detect AF which rely either on the form of P waves or the based on the time frequency domain analysis of RR variability. However, locating the P wave fiducial point is very difficult because of the low amplitude of the P wave and the corruption by noise. Also, the time frequency domain analysis of RR variability has disadvantage to get the details of irregular RR interval rhythm. In this study, we describe an atrial fibrillation detection algorithm through non-linear analysis of irregular RR interval rhythm based on the variability, randomness and complexity. We employ a new statistical techniques root mean squares of successive differences(RMSSD), turning points ratio(TPR) and sample entropy(SpEn). The detection algorithm was tested using the optimal threshold on two databases, namely the MIT-BIH Atrial Fibrillation Database and the Arrhythmia Database. We have achieved a high sensitivity(Se:94.5%), specificity(Sp:96.2%) and Se(89.8%), Sp(89.62%) respectively.

• Review of KIISC
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.99-111
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• 2006

바인딩 갱신 프로토콜은 이동노드가 흠 링크가 아닌 외부 링크로 이동했을 경우 기존 통신노드와 지속적인 연결을 유지하고 경로를 최적화하기 위한 목적으로 설계된 프로토콜이다. IETF의 모바일 IPv6 표준문서에는 RR(Return Routability) 기법을 이용해서 바인딩 갱신을 수행하도록 권장하고 있다 하지만 RR 기법이 모바일 IPv6 보안 요구사항들을 전적으로 보장하지 않는다. 이 문제점을 해결하기 위해 IETF에서는 RR 기법에 IPsec을 이용하여 바인딩 갱신을 수행할 것을 권장하고 있다. 그러나 단기간의 연결 세션을 갖거나 저전력의 모바일 장치에 IPsec을 사용하는 것은 효율성이 떨어질 수 있다. 이 논문에서는 표준으로 제안된 RR 기법을 비롯하여. RR의 문제점을 해결하고자 제안된 여러 프로토콜을 살펴보고. 각 프로토콜의 안전성과 효율성을 분석한다.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.55 no.10
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• pp.3700-3708
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• 2023

The stochastic origin ensembles method with resolution recovery (SOE-RR) has been proposed to reconstruct proton-induced prompt gammas (PGs), and the reconstructed PG image was used for range verification. However, due to low detection efficiency, the number of valid events is low. Such a low-count condition can degrade the accuracy of the SOE-RR method for proton range verification. In this study, we proposed two strategies to improve the reconstruction of the SOE-RR algorithm for low-count PG imaging. We also studied the number of iterations and repetitions required to achieve reliable range verification. We simulated a proton beam (10⁸ protons) irradiated on a water phantom and used a two-layer Compton camera to detect 4.44-MeV PGs. Our simulated results show that combining the SOE-RR algorithm with restricted volume (SOE-RR-RV) can reduce the error of the estimation of the Bragg peak position from 5.0 mm to 2.5 mm. We also found that the SOE-RR-RV algorithm initialized using a back-projection image could improve the convergence rate while maintaining accurate range verification. Finally, we observed that the improved SOE-RR algorithm set for 60,000 iterations and 25 repetitions could provide reliable PG images. Based on the proposed reconstruction strategies, the SOE-RR algorithm has the potential to achieve a positioning error of 2.5 mm for low-count PG imaging.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.33 no.7
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• pp.1133-1138
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• 2004

This study has been carried out to investigate the effect of the administration of Rhemanniae Radix extract (5.0 mL/kg/day, RR group) on the hyperglycemic mice (HM group) induced with streptozotocin (STZ). In blood glucose level, RR group showed a significant decrease compared with HM group. The result of glucose tolerance test was more favorable in RR than HM group. A lot of insulin-positive cells and insulin-like growth factor-II positive materials were observed in RR group. A number of apoptotic particles were observed in the HM group, but several apoptotic nuclei were found in RR group. Pancreatic islets of HM group were destructed by the administration of STZ, but islets were recovered from damage in the RR group. These results suggest that administration of Rhemanniae Radix extract to the hyperglycemic mice prevent from the damage induced by STZ.

• Journal of Korea Entertainment Industry Association
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.355-363
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• 2020

To investigate the relationship between breathing pattern disorder and pain in patients with chronic low back pain(CLBP). One hundred four patients were measured the End-tidal CO₂(EtCO₂) and respiration rate(RR) using capnography. Also, The Breathing-hold time(BHT), Nijmegen Questionnaire(NQ), and Thoracic excursion examinated. There was a significant correlation between EtCO₂ and BHT, thoracic excursion(r=.302, r=.281)(p<.01), and a low negative correlation with RR, VAS(r=-.253, -200)(p<.05). There was a significant correlation between NQ and RR(r=.237)(p<.05). There was a low correlation between thoracic excursion and VAS(r=-.370)(p<.01). There was a significant difference in the EtCO₂, RR, BHT, thoracic excursion, and VAS between the thoracic and diaphragm breathing pattern(p<.05). There were no significant differences in the NQ(p>.05). There was a correlation between EtCO₂ and BHT, thoracic excursion, RR, VAS in patients with CLBP. In addition, There was a correlation between RR and NQ, thoracic excursion, and VAS. As a result, it was found that there is a close relationship between breathing pattern disorder and pain. There was a significant difference in the EtCO₂ level, RR, BHT, thoracic excursion and VAS value in the comparison of thoracic breathing pattern and diaphragm breathing pattern. This is a meaningful result of suggesting a breathing pattern treatment approach in the rehabilitation and pain management of chronic low back pain patients in clinical practice.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.104-110
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• 2008

Objectives : This experiment study was performed to investigate the anti-inflammation and anti-oxidant effects of Indigo Naturalis(IN) and Rehmanniae Radix(RR) which were herbs for clearing heat. Methods : Anti-inflammation and anti-oxidation effects of IN and RR that were measured by the inhibitory ability of Nitric oxide(NO) production and the scavenging for 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH) radical. Results : 1. IN and RR groups were not showed cell toxicity. 2. In the inhibitory ability of NO production, IN groups were better than RR groups, but there were no statistical significances among the groups. 3. In the scavenging for DPPH radical, IN groups were better than RR groups, but there were no statistical significances among the groups. Conclusions : These results showed that the IN group was better than the RR group in treating skin eruptions, especially those such as erythema, purple spot, papule, pustules which appear in acute inflammation.

• Journal of the Korean Statistical Society
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.297-309
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• 2005

We consider 'efficiency versus privacy-protection' problem concerned with several well-known randomized response (RR) devices to estimate pro­portion of people bearing a stigmatizing characteristic in a community. The literature of RR on respondent's privacy protection discusses only about response specific jeopardy measures. We propose a measure of jeopardy that is independent of the RR offered by the interviewee and recommend it for using as a technical characteristic of the RR device. For ensuring better cooperation from the interviewees this new measure that depends only on the design parameters of the RR devices may be disclosed to the respondents before producing the RR by implementing the randomization device.