• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.351-355
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• 1996

Objective: To analyze the direct effect of nitre oxide, generated from sodium nitroprusside, on sperm motility and reactive oxygen species. Design: Human sperm samples were treated to allow swim-up and washing. And the samples were devided into four aliquots. Each aliquot was incubated with either concentration at 0, 100nM, $10{\mu}M$, 1mM of nitroprusside. Intervention: Samples were measured chemiluminosence for reactive oxygen species of each aliquot with concentrations at 0, 100nM, $10{\mu}M$, 1mM of nitroprusside at allowing swim-up and washing of sperm. Main Outcome Measures: Percent motion parameters and viability were asse-ssed at 0, 3, 6, 12, 24 hours incubation. Results: The percent viablity was lower slightly in control group (50.2%) than that in sperm treated with 100nM of nitroprusside(57.5%) at 24 hours after incubation, while was reduced significantly in sperm with concentra-tion of $10{\mu}M(42.1%)$ and 1mM(21.3%)of nitroprusside at 6 hours after incubation. And the sperm treated with 1mM of nitroprusside was immotile totally at 6 hours after incubation. The straight line$(35.3{\pm}5.6%)$, the rapid forward$(37.2{\pm}6.4%)$ and the weak curvilinear velocity$(9.6{\pm}2.4%)$were more favorable comparing with those ($32.4{\pm}4.2%$, $30.0{\pm}7.8%$ and $18.0{\pm}4.6%$ respectively) in control group at 3 hours after incubation, but reduced significantly in sperm treated with $10{\mu}M$ and 1mM of nitroprusside. The levels of reactive oxygen species in control(700 c.p.m.) is lower significantly than that in each experimental groups of sperm treated with nitroprusside. And the levels of reactive oxygen species were 2200 c.p.m. in 100nM, 6200c.p.m. in $1{\mu}M$ and 12800c.p.m. in 1mM respectively. Conclusion: These results suggested that the concentration of 100nM of nitroprusside on sperm is beneficial to the maintanance of viablity and motile velocity, but detriment in high concentration of $10{\mu}M$ or 1mM of nitroprusside.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2014

Artificial insemination technique has been contributed immensely for production of livestock worldwide as a critical assisted reproductive technique to preserve and propagate excellent genes in domestic animal industry. In the past decade, methods for semen preservation have been improved mostly in liquid preservation method for boar semen and freezing method for bull semen. Among many factors affecting semen quality during preservation, reactive oxygen species, produced by aerobic respiration in sperm for survival and motility, are unfavorable to sperm physiology. In mammalian cell as well as in the sperm, antioxidant system plays a role in degradation of reactive oxygen species. Magnetized water forms smaller stabilizing water clusters, resulting in high absorption and permeability of the cell for water, implicating its application for semen preservation. Therefore, this review focuses on preservation methods of boar and bull semen with respect to improvement of extender and reduction of reactive oxygen species by using magnetized water and supplementation of antioxidants.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.12
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• pp.4803-4812
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• 2015

Chronic alcohol and tobacco abuse plays a crucial role in the development of different liver associated disorders. Intake promotes the generation of reactive oxygen species within hepatic cells exposing their DNA to continuous oxidative stress which finally leads to DNA damage. However in response to such damage an entangled protective repair machinery comprising different repair proteins like ATM, ATR, H2AX, MRN complex becomes activated. Under abnormal conditions the excessive reactive oxygen species generation results in genetic predisposition of various genes (as ADH, ALDH, CYP2E1, GSTT1, GSTP1 and GSTM1) involved in xenobiotic metabolic pathways, associated with susceptibility to different liver related diseases such as fibrosis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. There is increasing evidence that the inflammatory process is inherently associated with many different cancer types, including hepatocellular carcinomas. The generated reactive oxygen species can also activate or repress epigenetic elements such as chromatin remodeling, non-coding RNAs (micro-RNAs), DNA (de) methylation and histone modification that affect gene expression, hence leading to various disorders. The present review provides comprehensive knowledge of different molecular mechanisms involved in gene polymorphism and their possible association with alcohol and tobacco consumption. The article also showcases the necessity of identifying novel diagnostic biomarkers for early cancer risk assessment among alcohol and tobacco users.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.210-215
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• 2013

Ionizing radiation can induce cellular oxidative stress through the generation of reactive oxygen species, resulting in cell damage and cell death. The aim of this study was to determine whether the antioxidant effects of the flavonoid fisetin (3,7,3',4'-tetrahydroxyflavone) included the radioprotection of cells exposed to ${\gamma}$-irradiation. Fisetin reduced the levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species generated by ${\gamma}$-irradiation and thereby protected cells against ${\gamma}$-irradiation-induced membrane lipid peroxidation, DNA damage, and protein carbonylation. In addition, fisetin maintained the viability of irradiated cells by partially inhibiting ${\gamma}$-irradiation-induced apoptosis and restoring mitochondrial membrane potential. These effects suggest that the cellular protective effects of fisetin against ${\gamma}$-irradiation are mainly due to its inhibition of reactive oxygen species generation.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.46 no.6
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• pp.1007-1012
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• 2004

The four Lactobacillus spp. were investigated for their antioxidant properties, including antioxidant activity, tolerance to reactive oxygen species, hydroxy radical scavenging activity and ferrous iron che1ating activity. Also, activities of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase were investigated. From the results of this work, the intact cell and cell lysate of L. casei KCTC 3260 were exhibited highest antioxidant activity. L. casei KCTC 3260 also showed strong tolerance to reactive oxygen species. This strain showed highest glutathione peroxidase activity among the tested strains.

• BMB Reports
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• v.41 no.8
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• pp.555-559
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• 2008

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated in mammalian cells via both enzymatic and non-enzymatic mechanisms. Although certain ROS production pathways are required for the performance of specific physiological functions, excessive ROS generation is harmful, and has been implicated in the pathogenesis of a number of diseases. Among the ROS-producing enzymes, NADPH oxidase is widely distributed among mammalian cells, and is a crucial source of ROS for physiological and pathological processes. Reactive oxygen species are also generated by arachidonic acid (AA) metabolites, which are released from membrane phospholipids via the activity of cytosolic phospholipase $A_2$ ($cPLA_2$). In this study, we describe recent studies concerning the generation of ROS by AA metabolites. In particular, we have focused on the manner in which AA metabolism via lipoxygenase (LOX) and LOX metabolites contributes to ROS generation. By elucidating the signaling mechanisms that link LOX and LOX metabolites to ROS, we hope to shed light on the variety of physiological and pathological mechanisms associated with LOX metabolism.

• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.247-255
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• 2021

Purpose: The goal of this study was to see how different aerobic exercise intensities affected AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), reactive oxygen, and antioxidant enzymes in young mice during an 8-week period. Methods: Forty male C57BL/6 mice, aged seven weeks, were randomly assigned to one of four groups: control (n=10), low-intensity exercise (n=10), moderate-intensity exercise (n=10), and high-intensity exercise (n=10). For eight weeks, aerobic activity was performed once a day for 35-40 minutes, five days a week. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, analysis of variance (ANOVA), chi-squared tests, and the Tukey test in the SPSS/WIN 25.0 program. Results: Weight (p=.001) was substantially different between the moderate-intensity exercise group and the control group in AMPK (p<.001). In addition, there were no significant differences between the moderate-intensity exercise group and the control group in reactive oxygen malondialdehyde (MDA) levels (p=.136) and antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels (p=.521). Conclusion: These findings suggest that moderate-intensity aerobic exercise increased AMPK activation and helped young mice shed weight.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.127-132
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• 2010

Reactive oxygen species (ROS), which include hydrogen peroxide ($H_2O_2$), the superoxide anion (${O_2}^-{\cdot}$), and the hydroxyl radical ($OH{\cdot}$), are generated as by-products of oxidative metabolism in cells. The cerebral cortex has been found to be particularly vulnerable to production of ROS associated with conditions such as ischemia-reperfusion, Parkinson's disease, and aging. To investigate the effect of ROS on inhibitory GABAergic synaptic transmission, we examined the electrophysiological mechanisms of the modulatory effect of $H_2O_2$ on GABAergic miniature inhibitory postsynaptic current (mIPSCs) in mechanically isolated rat cerebral cortical neurons retaining intact synaptic boutons. The membrane potential was voltage-clamped at -60 mV and mIPSCs were recorded and analyzed. Superfusion of 1-mM $H_2O_2$ gradually potentiated mIPSCs. This potentiating effect of $H_2O_2$ was blocked by the pretreatment with either 10,000-unit/mL catalase or $300-{\mu}M$ N-acetyl-cysteine. The potentiating effect of $H_2O_2$ was occluded by an adenylate cyclase activator, forskolin, and was blocked by a protein kinase A inhibitor, N -(2-[p-bromocinnamylamino] ethyl)-5-isoquinolinesulfonamide hydrochloride. This study indicates that oxidative stress may potentiate presynaptic GABA release through the mechanism of cAMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA)-dependent pathways, which may result in the inhibition of the cerebral cortex neuronal activity.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.12 no.7
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• pp.349-356
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• 2014

The present study was aimed to investigate the effects of the application of pulsed electromagnetic fields on the blood components associated hyperlipidemia, antioxidant enzymes and reactive oxygen. The subjects were divided into three groups: General Diet, High fat Diet, High fat diet and pulsed electromagnetic fields. Pulsed electromagnetic field was applied with pulsed electromagnetic energy therapy equipment. The Glucose, free fatty acids, triglycerides, cholesterol and insulin was used to measure hyperlipidemia-related blood components, and the GSH, GRD, XO and MDA was used to measure antioxidant enzymes and reactive oxygen. The applied pulsed electromagnetic field has improved the concentrations of blood components and increasing GSH and GRD, that were decreased due to a high-fat diet and by reducing the increased MDA and XO to a level of general diet group. Therefore, the applied pulsed electromagnetic field can be the effective treatment for changes in the blood composition of hyperlipidemic rats, enhancement of antioxidative activity and the inhibition of reactive oxygen.

• Molecular & Cellular Toxicology
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.230-236
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• 2009

Acrolein, a known toxin in cigarette smoke, is the most abundant electrophilic $\alpha$, $\beta$-unsaturated aldehyde to which humans are exposed in a variety of environmental pollutants, and is also product of lipid peroxidation. Increased unsaturated aldehyde levels and reduced antioxidant status plays a major role in the pathogenesis of various diseases such as diabetes, Alzheimer's and atherosclerosis. The findings reported here show that low concentrations of acrolein induce heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression in RAW 264.7 macrophages. HO-1 induction by acrolein and signal pathways was measured using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, Western blot and immunofluorescence staining analyses. Inhibition of extracellular signal-regulated kinase activity significantly attenuated the induction of HO-1 protein by acrolein, while suppression of Jun N-terminal kinase and p38 activity did not affect induction of HO-1 expression. Moreover, rottlerin, an inhibitor of protein kinase $\delta$, suppressed the upregulation of HO-1 protein production, possibly involving the interaction of NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), which has a key role as a HO-1 transcription factor. Acrolein elevated the nuclear translocation of Nrf2 in nuclear extraction. The results suggest that RAW 264.7 may protect against acrolein-mediated cellular damage via the upregulation of HO-1, which is an adaptive response to oxidative stress.