• The Journal of Industrial Distribution & Business
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.41-52
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• 2021

Purpose: This study aims to provide implications for the government's housing supply policy by analyzing the factors that determine the type of real estate holding and household debt. This study started from the awareness that the determinants of household debt differ depending on the type of real estate holding. Research design, data and methodology: Real estate ownership type was classified and analyzed into 4 models: model 1 (1 household 1 house and self-resident), model 2 (1 household multiple real estate ownership and self-resident), model 3 (1 household 1 house and rent residence), model 4 (1 household holds a large number of real estate and rent residence). The analysis method used multiple regression analysis. The dependent variable was household total debt. As independent variables, household debt, annual gross household income, financial assets, real estate net assets, annual repayment, demographic & residential characteristics were used. Results: 1) Model 4 has the highest household debt and the highest gross income, Model 2 has the most real estate mortgage loans and real estate net asset, and Model 1 has the highest real estate mortgage payments. 2) The positive factor of common household debt determinants is real estate net assets, and the negative factor is financial assets. 3) It was the net assets of real estate that acted as a positive factor in common for the four models. In other words, the more financial assets, the less household debt. It was analyzed that the more net assets of real estate, the more household debt. The annual repayment of financial liabilities had no influence on household debt, while the annual repayment of loan liabilities and household debt had a positive relationship. Conclusions: 1) It is necessary to introduce benefits and systems that can increase the proportion of household financial asset. Specific alternatives include tax benefits and reduced fees for financial asset investment. 2) In the case where a homeless person prepares one house for one household, it is necessary to prepare various support measures according to the income level. The specific alternative is to give additional points for pre-sale or apply an interest rate cut incentive for mortgage loans.

• International Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.53-62
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• 2006

The purpose of this study is to examine the changes in financial structure of the self-employed brought on the economic crisis in Korea.. We use financial ratio analysis, such as income to expenditure ratio, liquidity ratio, debt ratio, and capital accumulation ratio to analyze financial well-being of self-employed households. This study used a 1997 and 1998 Korean Household Panel Study collected by Daewoo Economic Research Institute. The average amount of holding of each type of asset showed that the investment of self-employed households decreased in the banking industry and the stock market in 1998 compared to 1997. On the other hand, asset allocation in bond and real estate increased, which implied preference for a stable type of asset with the increase in uncertainty of the future and economic instability. Devaluation of real estate allowed households to easily obtain real estate and increase preference for asset allocation in real estate after the crisis. The changes in financial ratio for the year 1998 shows that such ratios as income to expenditure, liquidity, and capital accumulation, decreased compared to the year 1997. Among those ratios, the income to expenditure ratio showed the biggest decline because of reduced income of self employed households. The results implied that the income structure of the self-employed is unstable, thus the self-employed were likely to be greatly affected during the economic downturn. Earners have more average income and net assets than the self-employed. However, using financial ratios, it was found that self-employed households were more stable than employees. The results shows that the financial ratio analysis is better tool to estimate households financial status. Implications for financial educators, counselors, and planners are offered. The results will provide implications for policy makers to establish appropriate policies for the self-employed and help them financially survive.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.41 no.9
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• pp.105-120
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• 2003

This study has conducted to develop the computer program for households portfolio management to enhance their financial well-being. The study has divided into two parts. First, descriptive statistics has used to analyze as a basis of computer program and it includes the comparison of household asset allocations between households in Korea and U. S. A., Second, it shows the components of the portfolio program developed to manage households efficiently. For both two countries, recent four years data has been used and in part two, total sample size of households in Korea is 2155. From the statistical analysis, households in U. S. A. tend to invest more on the stock & bonds as their net-asset is increased. However households in Korea tend to have less financial assets and it might be found the fact that they prefer to own real-estate because of the inflation. In the part of computer program, it is included the average financial asset responding to the demographic variables and households could refer those average amount as a reference planning their asset portfolio.

• Korea Real Estate Review
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.105-114
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• 2018

According to Statistics Korea, South Korea has entered the realm of the "aging society" with the rapid development of the country's population. Researchers anticipate that the extremely high (73%) ratio of real estate property to total assets for mid-age to aged households in South Korea that do not have a fixed income may cause serious problems in the future. For example, the real estate market in South Korea may be bombarded with properties listed for sale, causing the average property price to drop due to the abundant supply. Although this prediction may be reasonable, this concept has excluded the idea of pension (which is crucial as it can be considered a consistent and fixed income) due to the limited amount of available data thereon; as such, it is important to include this factor to improve the pertinent research. Thus, this research was conducted using the data from the $3^{rd}$ and $5^{th}$ Korea Retirement and Income Study. For the study results, it was found that variables such as net asset, gender, education, and number of family members have the same impact as that found in the previous studies. To extend from here, two new factors were introduced: the existence of pensions and the amount of pension received by a household. From there, it was found that the existence of a consistent and fixed income such as a pension has led to an increase in housing consumption, the area of interest of the authors.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.157-175
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• 2011

This paper aims to analyze the characteristics of healthcare REITs' performance and operation, and to examine their use for activating the silver industries in Korea. The results of this study are as follows. First, according to the results of analyzing healthcare REITs' performance, healthcare REITs outperformed average REITs and extended investment proportion compared to total REITs after 2007. This outperforming came from not only rapid growth of silver industries, but also REITs strategy using the structure of sale-and-leaseback and triple-net lease. Second, healthcare REITs use selection and concentration strategy in terms of asset sector, but use portfolio diversification strategy in terms of investment region. Third, according to the analysis results, healthcare REITs are to be useful for activating the silver industries in Korea. In this context, major implications are presented to use healthcare REITs effectively.

• Journal of Information Technology Applications and Management
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.65-81
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• 2015

This study reports a preliminary finding of the types and numbers of graphs being presented in the annual reports of about thirty top listed companies trading publicly in the stock markets of three countries-Thailand (SET), Malaysia (BM), and Singapore (SGX)-that were chosen based on their inclusion in the ASEAN Stars Index under the ASEAN Trading Link project. A total of 6,753 graphs from nineteen sectors were extracted and examined. Banking, real estate, and telecommunications are ranked the three most condense sectors, accounting for 50.2% of the total number of graphs observed. The three most used graphs are the Conservative Bar, Donut graph and Stack Bar. Less than one percent of Infographic type graphs were used. The five most depicted graphed variables are Asset, Revenue, Net profit, Liability, and Dividend. Using rudimentary framework to detect distorted or misleading statistical graphs, the study found 60.6% of the graphs distorted across the three markets, SET, BM, and SGX. BM ranked first in percentages of graphs being distortedly presented (73%). The other two markets, SET and SGX, have about the same proportions, 53.88% and 53.03%, respectively. Likewise, the proportions of Well-designed versus Inappropriate-designed graphs of the latter two markets are a little over one time (SET = 1 : 1.17; SGX = 1 : 1.13), whereas the proportion is almost triple for the BM market (BM = 1 : 2.70). In addition, the trend of distorted graphs found is slightly increasing as the longevity of the ASEAN Stars Index increases. One possible explanation for the relatively equal proportion of inappropriate graphs found is that SET is the smallest market and SGX, though the largest, is the most regulated market. BM, on the other hand, may want to present their financial data in the most attractive manner to prospective investors, thus, regulatory constraints and governance structure are still lenient.