• Resources Recycling
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.49-59
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• 2012

One of the world's top resource-rich countries, the Democratic Republic of the Congo has ample reserves of cobalt, iron ore, copper and diamond in particular. Importing most of major mineral resources, the Republic of Korea has examined-together with the Congo government since 2008-the possibility of a project where it supports port construction in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and acquires useful minerals such as zinc, cobalt and copper in exchange through slag reprocessing in the local city of Lubumbashi. This study conducted feasibility analysis on the slag reprocessing project in Lubumbashi, Congo and found that the project's payback period stands at 6.7 years, net present value(NPV) at 34 million dollars and internal rate of return(IRR) at 17.4%. According to sensitivity analysis that takes into account uncertainties concerning taxation, fixed cost, operational cost and resource prices, the NPV of the project ranges from -24.8 million dollars to 92.7 million dollars.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.85-91
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• 2014

Background: This study aims to analyze West African pregnancy experienced women's self-rated health and related factors in Democratic Republic (DR) of the Congo, and provide basic data which can be used in developing maternal and child heath projects and health promotion programs to enhance women's self-rated health in the DR Congo. Methods: A survey was conducted among 400 women, 300 of whom were from Kenge and 100 from Boko in Bandundu Province. Three hundred and fifty-two questionnaires were administered on factors expected to affect the self-rated health, categorized into basic information and economic status of respondents, healthcare service, and illness patterns. The hierarchical logistic regression analysis was performed taking each variable into account. Results: The results show that those who have had nutrition education, work in the office, have no health insurance, or have had no illness for the last one year perceive themselves to be in good health. Conclusion: To improve the self-rated health status and promote maternal and child health in DR Congo, the results suggest that the government or relevant agencies should develop programs to educate people regarding health and nutrition, and policies based on the right status of each country. Systems are also required for healthcare at all social levels along with aspects to avoid illness in daily life.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.385-396
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• 2018

Objectives: This study aims to evaluate the economic efficiency of a nutrition management program for children under 5 years of age in Kenge, Kwango District, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DR Congo) from 2014 to 2016. Methods: The economic efficiency of a nutrition management program for children under 5 years of age who have recovered from malnutrition status was evaluated using a cost-benefit analysis. The costs were analyzed according to the executed budget incurred during the project period. The benefits were estimated as the monetary value of the saved lives of children under 5 years of age. The economic efficiency of the program was determined by the Benefit-Cost Ratio (BCR). The BCR was calculated by dividing the total discounted benefit by the total discounted costs. The project is economically efficient when the BCR is greater than 1. Results: The costs of the nutrition management program were calculated as 1,677,609,648 Korean Won (KRW). A total of 2,466 children survived with improved malnutrition status through this program. The benefit for the reduction of mortality for children under 5 years of age was estimated to be 6,814,354,467 KRW, the estimated value of life for 2,466 children. The BCR was 4.06. Conclusions: The nutrition management program for children under 5 years of age in DR Congo was found to be a cost-effective project. Successful and efficient Official Development Assistance (ODA) for a health project requires integrated and comprehensive strategies and specialized international development consulting to improve efficiency. Future nutrition management programs should take into account the national health program to maintain the sustainability of the project.

• Journal of the Korean Association of African Studies
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• v.43
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• pp.3-48
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• 2014

ABAKO(Alliance des Bakongo) of Democratic Republic of Congo is an organization founded by an ethnic group who sought to preserve its language, culture and tradition. It later developed into a political organization and led an independence movement from Belgium. In 1950, Edmond Nzeza-Nlandu founded the ABAKO in Leopoldville (currently known as Kinshasa), the capital of Belgian Congo. ABAKO changed into a political organization, however, when Nzeza-Nlandu stepped down from his position and Joseph Kasa-Vubu was elected instead as the chief of ABAKO in March 21, 1954. The Bakongo nationalism, as a link between the Kongo Kingdom of the past and the Bakongo people of the present, had influence on their cultural identity, attitude towards authority, political orientation, a common ground for geographical boundaries, and provided foundation for group mobilization. Moreover, the Kimbangu Church, founded by Simon Kimbangu had close ties with ABAKO. They struggled to obtain independece from the Belgian colonial rule. In conclusion, the leaders and members of ABAKO regarded the 'ethnic, linguistic and historical' affinities as the identity of their Bakongo nationalist group.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.205-211
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• 2019

The objective of this research was to assess the amount of carbon stock of coarse woody debris (CWD) in Bombo-Lumene Reserve. Data on lying CWD was collected on 35 circular sampling plots using Line Intersect Sampling (LIS) method. A total of 230 samples CWD (${\geq}10cm$ diameter) were inventoried. The mean carbon stocks of CWD was $29.48Mg\;C\;ha^{-1}$, ranging from 4.32 to $73.54Mg\;C\;ha^{-1}$. The CWD carbon stocks displayed a wide range of variation in decay states. The allocation of CWD among the decay class of all the CWD samples reveals that the most important classes were class 1 and class 3 with 323.66 and $321.96Mg\;C\;ha^{-1}$, followed by class 4 with 264.56 and the last one was class 2 with $121.72Mg\;C\;ha^{-1}$. The results suggested that the dead wood component is important in carbon sequestration and should be taken into consideration for quantification of carbon stocks not only in Bombo-Lumene Reserve, but in all forest ecosystems in the Democratic Republic of Congo.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.85-96
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• 2015

Objectives: This study aims to identify the influencing factors of using postnatal care among illiteracy women who live in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Methods: Household survey was done from February 1 to 8, 2013 in the Kwango district of Democratic Republic of Congo, and 400 childbearing women who has under 5 years old children and pregnant women was randomly selected and answered through the interview with a questionnaire. For analysis the data, ${\chi}^2$ test and logistic regression analysis were used. Results: Woman who can read, write and mathematical calculation was 195 (47.4%) of total 411 answers and 161 (39.2%) used postnatal care for their latest pregnancy. Age at first marriage (${\chi}^2=18.481$, p<.001), religions (${\chi}^2=11.165$, p=.011), languages (${\chi}^2=35.586$, p<.001), the experience of children death (${\chi}^2=16.507$, p<.001), antenatal care over 4 times (${\chi}^2=15.315$, p<.001), postnatal care (${\chi}^2=15.558$, p<.001) is significantly different from literacy level. Among illiterate women group, who are protestant (OR=.330), using Lingala (OR=.128), took elementary education (OR=.223) and farmer (OR=.040), used less postnatal care. Conclusions: For increasing usage of postnatal care among illiterate women, new approach method should be considered such as a visual communication method and a community health workers' training program for giving an outreach service to pregnant women care.

• Journal of Marine Bioscience and Biotechnology
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.13-17
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• 2008

The Congo has a maritime coastline of 40 km, covering an area of $2,345,409km^2$. The fluvial system covers around $34,000km^2$ in a network of more than 33,000 km of rivers, principal tributaries, and streams. There are around 1,000 known species of fish, essentially freshwater and some brackish. The lakes of the Rift Valley contain the richest lacustrine fauna in the world. The family of Cichlidae alone has more than 900 species. At the same time, the lakes are profoundly different. Lake Tanganyika has 250 species of fish, of which 216 are endemic, whereas Lake Kivu contains only 32 and 16, respectively. A dense hydrographic network of water surfaces, inundated plains and lakes cover around $86,080km^2$ (3.5% of the national area) and have a considerable aquatic potential. The large peripheral lakes of the East cover around $48,000km^2$ of which 47% are under Congolese jurisdiction. The respective areas belonging to the Congo are: Lake Tanganyika, $14,800km^2$; Lake Albert, $2,420km^2$; Lake Kivu, $1,700km^2$; Lake Edward, $1,630km^2$; Lake Mo$\ddot{e}$ro, $1,950km^2$. Another two important lakes in the interior, Lake Tumba and Lake Mai-Ndombe, cover (between them) 2,300 and $7,000km^2$, depending on season (less in the dry season and more in the rainy season). There are also the lakes of the Kamalondo depression ($6,256km^2$), Lake Tshangalele ($446km^2$) and Lake N'Zilo ($280km^2$).

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.56 no.6
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• pp.745-764
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• 2023

In the Republic of Congo, Banded iron formations (BIFs) occur in two areas: the Chaillu Massif and the Ivindo Basement Complex, which are segments of the Archean Congo craton outcropping in the northwestern and southwestern parts of the country. They show interesting potential with significant mineral resources reaching 2 Bt and grades up to 60% Fe. BIFs consist mostly of oxide-rich facies (hematite/magnetite), but carbonate-rich facies are also highlighted. They are found across the country within the similar geological sequences composed of amphibolites, gneisses and greenschists. The Post-Archean Australian Shale (PAAS)-normalized patterns of BIFs show enrichment in elements such as SiO₂, Fe₂O₃, CaO, P₂O₅, Cr, Cu, Zn, Nb, Hf, U and depletion in TiO₂, Al₂O₃, MgO, Na₂O, K₂O, Sc, Th, Ba, Zr, Rb, Ni, V. REE diagrams show slight light REEs (rare earth elements; LREEs) compared to heavy REEs (HREEs), and positive La and Eu anomalies. The lithological associations, as well as the very high (Eu/Eu^*)_SN ratios> 1.8 shown by the BIFs, suggest that they are related to Algoma-type BIFs. The positive correlations between Zr and TiO₂, Al₂O₃, Hf suggest that the contamination comes mainly from felsic rocks, while the absence of correlations between MgO and Cr, Ni argues for negligeable contributions from mafic sources. Pr/Pr^* vs. Ce/Ce^* diagram indicates that the Congolese BIFs were formed in basins with redox heterogeneity, which varies from suboxic to anoxic and from oxic to anoxic conditions. They were formed through hydrothermal vents in the seawater, with relatively low proportions of detrital inputs derived from igneous sources through continental weathering. Some Congolese BIFs show high contents in Cr, Ni and Cu, which suggest that iron (Fe) and silicon (Si) have been leached through hydrothermal processes associated with submarine volcanism. We discussed their tectonic setting and depositional environment and proposed that they were deposited in extensional back-arc basins, which also recorded hydrothermal vent fluids.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute Of Construction Engineering and Management
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• 2008.11a
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• pp.115-118
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• 2008

The promotion of overseas projects by construction enterprises has appeared as a way to overcome the current business difficulties of the Korean construction industry, which largely caused by the slow growth of the domestic market and the intensified competition among construction companies. The government has also shown considerable interests in the strategic approach of promoting construction projects by private companies in natural resource-rich countries, which helps the internationalization of Korean companies and the acouisition of natural resources. In this regard, this research examines the status of the construction market in the Democratic Republic of the Congo(DRC) whose potential economic growth is considered as significant, while exploring the appropriate Investment strategies of Korean construction enterprise. Since little appears to be known about the construction market and economic conditions of the DRC, after a documented review of the development trajectory of the country, a field investigation was preformed in June 2008 for obtaining information on the subjects. This research finds that the road construction is the area to fulfill the several important criteria of implementing construction projects in developing regions, including the safety/reliability for gaining investment profits, the possibility of implementing construction projects on the gradual basis, the possibility of using the facilities after the project completion, and the linkage between payment and the construction stages. In regard to the current economic situation of the DRC and the policies of the DRC government, a package deal approach, which contains the exchange of the infrastructure construction by the Korean companies and the provision of natural resources by the DRC government, is the most feasible method for Korean companies to promote their businesses in the DRC's construction market.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.255-263
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• 2014

Conflict minerals refer to minerals mined in conditions of armed conflict, especially as in the eastern provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The common conflict minerals are cassiterite, wolframite, coltan(columbite-tantalite ore), and gold, which are mined and extracted from the Eastern Congo. These minerals are essentially used in the manufacture of a variety of devices, including consumer electronics. To end the violent conflict in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) and in surrounding countries, it is necessary to block the supply route of conflict minerals which has been partially financed by the exploitation and trade of conflict minerals. The Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, passed into law in July 2010 and it contains requirements that U.S. companies report to the Securities and Exchange Commission(SEC) on the origin of conflict minerals and show due diligence of OECD. The goal of the act is to cut direct and indirect funding of armed groups engaged in conflict.