• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.11 no.9
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• pp.3406-3411
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• 2010

Assessment of the accommodative response is an essential part of the optometric examination. This study measured objectively the accommodation responses those were measured by Autorefractor, MEM retinoscopy and Nott dynamic retinoscopy, and investigate the correlation and difference the results. Twenty-seven college students with normal visual acuity aged 19 to 29 years (mean $22.7{\pm}2.43$ years) participated in this study. Their accommodative responses to accommodative demand of 4D (25cm) were measured with Shin-Nippon NVision-K 5001 Autorefractor, MEM retinoscopy and Nott dynamic retinoscopy. The accommodative responses to accommodative demand of 4D were $3.70{\pm}0.25D$ by Shin-Nippon NVision-K 5001 Autorefractor, $3.58{\pm}0.30D$ by MEM retinoscopy and $3.77{\pm}0.29D$ by Nott dynamic retinoscopy, respectively. There were high correlations among the three techniques (p<0.05). MEM retinoscopy was measured $0.19{\pm}0.13D$ lower than Nott dynamic retinoscopy (p<0.05) and it was measured $0.12{\pm}0.24D$ lower than Shin-Nippon NVision-K 5001 Autorefractor (p<0.05). There was no significant difference between Nott dynamic retinoscopy and Shin-Nippon NVision-K 5001 Autorefractor (p>0.05). MEM retinoscopy showed lesser accommodative responses than Nott dynamic retinoscopy and Shin-Nippon NVision-K 5001 Autorefractor. Author suggest that Nott dynamic retinoscopy may use Shin-Nippon NVision-K 5001 Autorefractor interchangeably to evaluate accommodative responses expect MEM retinoscopy.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.293-298
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• 2012

Purpose: We compared static retinoscopy in eyes opened with cycloplegic refraction depending on the hyperopia for school-aged children. Methods: There were 59 eyes (30 patients) who were divided into 3 groups - the mild hyperopia (+0.25 D ~ +1.00 D), moderate hyperopia (+1.25 D ~ +2.00 D) and high hyperopia (+2.25 D or more). They all had 0.8 visual acuity or more. Autorefraction and retinoscopy were performed prior to cycloplegic refraction, and then copmared with manifest refraction and cycloplegic refraction. Results: Hyperopia measured with static retinoscopy tends to be measured higher than manifest refraction for school-aged children. Changes of spherical power was statistically significant (p < 0.001). Changes of astigmatism was not statistically significant (p > 0.05). Conclusions: The difference between cycloplegic refraction and static retinoscopy was not significant for hyperopic school-aged children. The use of retinoscopy was limited for opticians because of legal constraints. The usage of static retinoscopy in eyes opened for optician should be generalized under the conditions not using the cycloplegic.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.375-380
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• 2005

To assess convergence and accommodation at a short distance, 92 selected subjects without any ocular diseases by apperatuses of visual chart(Shinnippon CT30) and phoropter(Shinnippon VT 10) at a short distance(40 cm) were tested upon MEM retinoscopy(Welch Allyn, USA). BELL retinoscopy(Welch Allyn, USA), binocular accommodative facility (${\pm}2.00$ D flipper. Bernell Co., USA), vergence facility(prism flipper, Bernell Co., USA). There were such test results as MEM retinoscopy(R/L)($+1.05{\pm}0.87/1.02{\pm}0.80$ D). BELL retinoscopy ($17.89{\pm}12.12/17.94{\pm}11.72cm$), binocular accommodative facility (R/G)($7.69{\pm}6.48cpm$). binocular accommodative facility(polaroid)($11.76{\pm}5.22cpm$), monocular accommodative facility(R/L) ($13.9{\pm}6.27/13.8{\pm}5.96cpm$), vergence facility($13.5{\pm}6.40cpm$).

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.381-389
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• 2005

To Analysis of Correlation of Visual Function Findings, by assessing convergence and accommodation, 92 selected objects without any ocular diseases by apperatuses of visual chart(Shinnippon CT30) and phoropter(Shinnippon VT10) at a shan distance(40 cm) were tested upon MEM retinoscopy(Welch Allyn, USA), BELL retinoscopy(Welch Allyn, USA), binocular accommodative facility (${\pm}2.00$ D nipper, Bernell Co., USA), vergence facility(prism nipper, Bernell Co., USA). The results showed as follows. MEM retinoscopy(accommodative lag) showed the same result of a right eye and left eye. Bell retinoscopy(accommodative lag) showed higher correlations between right and left eye than MEM. The lower accommodative lag meant the higher accommodative facility. The binocular accommodative facility(polaroid) was higher than binocular accommodative facility(red-green). Correlations of accommodative facility between right and left eye were higher, and as the higher monocular accommodative facility also meant the higher binocular accommodative facility, monocular and binocular accommodative facilities were relative to vergence facility, These findings can be used as a clinical guide by curing patients' visual function.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.209-213
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• 2012

Purpose: To assess the repeatability of the monocular spherical endpoints, a test was performed with four methods which are the retinoscopy, the MPMVA (maximum plus maximum visual acuity) method, the R/G duochrome method, and the crossed cylinder method. Methods: The monocular spherical endpoints was measured by four kinds of method (Retinoscopy, MPMVA method, R/G duochrome method, Crossed cylinder method) on 20 subjects (40 eyes) of average age 23.0 year-old men and women. After a week, retest was performed by same procedure and the test-retest repeatability was assessed by using the Bland-Altman plot analysis. Results: The test-retest mean difference of retinoscopy was the smallest diopters of -0.03 and that of R/G duochrome method was the largest diopters of -0.19. The upper/lower 95% limits of agreement for repeatability was the narrowest in retinoscopy and was the widest in crossed cylinder method. When compared the spherical endpoints of each eye between by retinoscopy and by other three methods, the error rate of ${\pm}0.25D$ in total eyes was 85% in MPMVA method, 80% in R/G duochrome method, and 24% in crossed cylinder method. Conclusions: Test-retest repeatability is the highest in the retinoscopy, and the retinoscopy, the MPMVA method, and R/G duochrome method are suitable for monocular spherical endpoints test.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.11 no.10
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• pp.3789-3793
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• 2010

To investigate accuracy of graduated scale of schematic retinoscope training eye(schematic eye) and induced effect when measured at off-axis from visual axis. Two skilled retinoscopist measured refractive power using retinoscope in random order. Seven schematic eyes from a single manufacturer were recruited and set to mark +4.00 to -6 diopter(+4, +3, +2, +1, 0, -1, -2, -3, -4, -5, -6). After introducing +2.00 diopter trial lens(50cm working lens), neutral distance was measured at 180 degree to estimate accuracy of scale, and refractive power measured at 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 degree off-axis to see if any error was induced. According to the results measured by two specialists, in six of seven schematic eye, scale setting varied (p<0.05) and measured refractive power at 5, 10, 15 and 20 degree off-axis from visual axis were $-0.13{\pm}0.06$, $-0.29{\pm}0.06$, $-0.58{\pm}0.11$, and $-0.83{\pm}0.16$ diopter respectively. In some schematic eye, scale graduated on the schematic eye and scale measured by retinoscopy could be different and if retinoscopy is performed off-axis from visual axis, any measuring error can be caused.

• The Korean Journal of Vision Science
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.443-451
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• 2018

Purpose : To find out the reliability of autorefractometer after laser refractive surgery Methods : We measured and compared spherical and cylinder powers of those undergone LASEK surgery with 1.0 of naked vision after at least 3 months of the surgery with an autorefractometer(CANON Full Auto Ref-Keratometer RK-F1, Japan) and a retinoscope(Streak Retinoscope 18200, WelchAllyn, USA), and also applied spherical equivalent powers. The refractive status before surgery was divided into high, medium, and low myopia according to the results measured using an autorefractometer, and then analyzed again the reliability of the autorefractometer after surgery according to the preoperative refractive status. The agreement of two methods was identified using Bland-Altman(Bland-Altman limits of agreement(LoA)). Results : After the surgery, when comparing spherical, cylinder and equivalent powers in the whole data measured by autorefractometry and retinoscopy significant differences were found(p<0.01). According to the degree of refractive errors, all sort of refractive errors was shown significantly different(p<0.01) except for cylinder power of the medium myopia. In general, the refractive errors especially spherical and spherical equivalent powers by autorefractometry were shown a myopic trend from -0.38 D to -0.53 D. On the other hand, it was shown a hyperopic trend of approximately +0.30 D using retinoscopy. In comparison of two objective refractions, it was shown a myopic trend as $-0.51{\pm}0.45D$(LoA +0.36 D ~ -1.39 D) and compatible. Conclusion : Even though it would be positive in terms of compatibility of the methods, it is necessary that the glasses should be prescribed by subjective refraction since autorefractometry is shown myopic in those undergone the surgery and suffering from myopic regression.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.33-39
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• 2002

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects of continuing work on VDT(video display terminal). Therefore, we examined visual fatigue by a questionnaire and measured frequency of blinking, tear film break-up time(BUT), height of palpebral fissure, visual acuity, refraction with retinoscopy and accommodation before and after two hour long VDT work. For the ocular symptoms, the greatest number was tired eyes accounting for 34%. In the visual symptoms, blurred vision was the highest rate of 83% and in case of systemic symptoms, shoulder pain was 38% marked top ranking but other symptoms were also distributed similar rate. The frequency of blinking during VDT work decreased significantly comparing with the one at rest. The average frequency of blinking is 8/min during VDT work and 22/min at rest. The BUT measured immediately after VDT work decreased much more than in the resting state. The average BUT was 7sec immediately after VDT work and 12sec at rest. The height of palpebral fissure during VDT work increased significantly comparing with the value at rest. The average height of palpebral fissure was 7.69mm at rest and 9.04mm during VDT work. The average visual acuity decreased almost 9.5% from 0.63 to 0.57, but refraction with retinoscopy increased about 0.28D to the direction of myopic shift. The amplitude of accommodation decreased approximately 1.49D from 7.98D to 6.49D and this resulted from the prolongation of near point of accommodation. Near point of convergence also was prolongated from 9.45cm to 10.30cm after VDT work.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.223-231
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• 2004

In most previous studies, the assessment of accommodative convergence to accommodative stimulus (AC/A) ratio was commonly made by measuring gradient AC/A ratio. This study deals with the proximal convergence/accommodation(PC/A)ratio measured by comparing values of the gradient AC/A ratio and the calculated AC/A ratio to prevail the clinical use of the AC/A ratio. Visual acuities of All 124 subjects had been corrected to at least 1.0 with either eye through their habitual refractive correction and the MEM dynamic retinoscopy was performed to estimate their accommodative response. And then the PC/A ratio was calculated by making use of the calculated AC/A ratio and the gradient AC/A ratio. This study showed that the difference between the mean calculated AC/A ratio and the mean gradient AC/A ratio in subgroups may be attributable to proximal convergence. Consequently, further studies on proximity cues including the PC/A ratio could be helpful to prevail the clinical use of the AC/A ratio.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.1-12
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• 2007

Object of this research is to estimate the effect of myopia correction and safety on reverse geometry contact lens fitting in school children. This research include 53(106eyes) schoolchildren among 7 to 18 years who has low to moderate myopia(-1.00D~-5.00D) and prescribed reverse geometry contact lens for purpose on orthokeratology between January to July 2004 and had 3months full follow up examination. They were tested for slit lamp examinations, BUT(Break up time), direct ophthalmoscopy, retinoscopy, uncorrected visual acuity, best corrected visual acuity, autorefraction, autokeratometry and corneal topography in each examination(1day, 1week, 2weeks, 1, 2, and 3months) of before-and-after lens wearing to find out the effect of myopic correction and side effect. The results came out as follow. The average of uncorrected visual acuity was $0.0938{\pm}0.378$ before lens wear and $0.3136{\pm}0.283$ after 1day lens wear, and there was fast improvement after 1week($0.7925{\pm}0.301$) and little improvement after 2weeks period but still they shows better uncorrected visual acuity(p<0.01). The result of this study, the reverse geometry lens is very useful to correct refractive error and control the progression of myopia temporally among low to moderate myopic patient. The side effects were relatively rare but further study should be necessary with long term lens wear effect on eye health. For the lens prescription, the clinical fitting process had higher rate of success with consideration of eccentricity and corneal topography.