• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.632-637
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• 1999

The purposes of this study is to investigate the effect of Rhus chinensis gall extract on liver function, plasma lipid composition and antioxidant system in the obese rats with high fat diet for seven weeks. Thirty two male rats of Sprague Dawely strain were divided into four groups. they are normal group (basal diet), control group(high fat diet), III group(high fat diet with Rhus chinensis gall extract 25mg/kg body weight per day) and IV group(high fat diet with Rhus chinensis gall extract 250mg/kg body weight per day). Rats in III group and IV group were administered with Rhus chinensis gall extract accordingly. Weight gains showed a tendency to decrease in rat with Rhus chinensis gall extract group but showed no differences among treatment groups. Food intake and Food efficiency ratio were not significantly different among treatment groups. Plasma total cholesterol showed a tendency to decrease in Rhus chinensis gall extract group. HDL cholesterol showed a tendency to decrease in 25mg/kg of Rhus chinensis gall extract group. However, in the 250mg/kg of Rhus chinensis gall extract group, these values showed no significant difference compared to the control group (p<0.05). GPT activities showed no significant difference among treatment groups. GOT activities showed a tendency to decrease in the groups of Rhus chinensis gall extract groups. Lipid peroxide level was significantly higher in control group than those of normal group. In Rhus chinensis gall extract groups, lipid peroxide level showed a tendency to decrease, but glutathione peroxidase activity was progressively increased. Results of our research in this paper show that Rhus chinensis gall extract might improve liver function, antioxidant system and plasma lipid composition in rats with high fat diet.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.83-87
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• 1997

These studies were conducted to carry out mechanism and site of gall formation by Schlectendalia chinensis in Rhus javanica. The formation period of gall hy occurrence of fundatrix was middle of June, and fundatrix was settled and parasited on back side of immature leaves and tissues of Rhus javanica was ride to fore face, then formed Schlectendalia chinensis gall. Scl~lectendalia chinensis was suddenly developed in middle of Auguest. As the density of Schlectertdalia chinensb increases, the Schlectendalia chinensir gall was more plumped. The part of phyllotaxy of Schlectendalia chinensis gall in leaf and pinnate of was increased in closer pan of terminal leaflet and leaflet was more occupied then wing.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.151-158
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• 2017

In this study, the Rhus chinensis Mill was divided into bark and inner bark. The antimicrobial activity and the antioxidative activity of the extracts were investigated by using the organic solvent fractions after the extraction and concentration with ethanol. This study showed the possibility of functional materials such as raw materials for cosmetics and food supplements. This study was the antimicrobial activity and antioxidant activity of five microorganisms (S. aureus, E. coli, B. subtilis, P. aeruginosa, and P. ovale). The following conclusions were obtained. First, the antimicrobial activity of B. subtilis was found to be high in the ethanol extract of. Second, DPPH scavenging activity was 86.4% free radical scavenging activity at 2.5 mg/mL bark part and 61.9% free radical scavenging activity at 2.5 mg/mL in inner Rhus chinensis Mill bark part. The ABTS scavenging activity was 79.2% free radical scavenging at 1 mg/mL bark fraction and 63% free radical scavenging activity at 1 mg/mL in inner bark, and bark showed higher antioxidant activity than inner bark. These results suggested that the antimicrobial activity and antioxidant activity of Rhus chinensis Mill extract can be used as a natural material. Specific and diverse physiological activity studies are expected in the future.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.202-209
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• 1998

Through total fatty acid analysis by the Gas chromatography, 17 different fatty acids were identified from the sap extracted from bark of Korean Rhus(Anacardiaceae), six species. Linoleic acid(C18 :2) and oleic acid(C18 : 1) were identified as major fatty acids for the species investigated, but except in R. chinensis.In the fatty acid composition for the species, one or two specific-fatty acid was detected, and its could be utilized as a useful taxonomic character.The result of cluster analysis by the 22 reliable characters in the fatty acid composition suggested first group was R.trichocarpa and R. succedanea, the second group, R.verniciflua, R.ambgua and R. sylvestris, but R.chinensis was a greatly independent species. The possible chemotaxonomic application of the fatty acid composition of bark in the genus Rhus was discussed.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.51 no.4
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• pp.302-309
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• 2020

The objective of this study was to optimize the condition for induction and proliferation of callus from Rhus chinensis Mill. and investigate the skin-brightening effect of Rhus chinensis callus (RCC). It was confirmed that the most proper plant growth regulator (PGR) for callus induction is 1.0 mg/L of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). The most optimal condition of PGR, medium and additives for callus proliferation were 2,4-D (1.0 mg/L), MS medium and citric acid, respectively. Inhibitory activities of tyrosinase were higher at 50 and 100 ㎍/mL of RCC extracts (41.86 and 75.56%, respectively) than arbutin (27.32%). As the results of measuring melanin inhibition in B16F1 melanocyte and B16F10 melanoma cell, RCC extracts increased its inhibitory activities concentration-dependently, and were found to have higher whitening effect than arbutin at a concentration of 100 ㎍/mL. Therefore, it is suggested that RCC can be used as an effective material for skin-brightening cosmetics.

• Plant Breeding and Biotechnology
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.243-251
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• 2017

Rhus chinensis is a shrub widely distributed in Asia. It has been used for traditional medicine and ecological restoration. Here, we report the complete chloroplast genome sequence of two R. chinensis genotypes collected from China and Korea. The assembled chloroplast genome of Chinese R. chinensis is 149,094 bp long, consisting of a large single copy (97,246 bp), a small single copy (18,644 bp) and a pair of inverted repeats (16,602 bp). Gene annotation revealed 77 protein coding genes, 30 tRNA genes, and 4 rRNA genes. A phylogenomic analysis of the chloroplast genomes with 11 known complete chloroplast genomes clarified the relationship of R. chinensis with the other plant species in the Sapindales order. A comparative chloroplast genome analysis identified 170 SNPs and 85 InDels at intra-species level of R. chinensis between Chinese and Korean collections. Based on the sequence diversity between Korea and Chinese R. chinensis plants, we developed three DNA markers useful for genetic diversity and authentication system. The chloroplast genome information obtained in this study will contribute to enriching genetic resources and conservation of endemic Rhus species.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.61 no.4
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• pp.379-382
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• 2018

Trafficking process of viral glycoprotein to cell surface results in the syncytium formation when baby hamster kidney (BHK) cells was infected by Newcastle disease virus (NDV). Rhus chinensis gall, well-known as a medicinal plant, inhibited not only syncytium formation, but also trafficking of glycoprotein, hemagglutinin-neuramidase (HN) to the cell-surface. Modification of viral glycoprotein is processed within the endoplasmic reticulum and golgi body during trafficking into surface. R. chinensis gall extracts showed the strong inhibitory activities ($IC_{50}$ $12.5{\mu}g/mL$) against ${\alpha}-glucosidase$, when compared with the ${\beta}-glucosidase$. And this inhibitory activities is increased by the samples in a dose-depedent pattern. These data showed that the extracts of R. chinensis gall inhibited the cell-surface expression of NDV-hemagglutinin-neuramidase glycoprotein without significantly affecting HN glycoprotein synthesis in NDV-infected BHK cells.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.171-179
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• 2012

This study is focused on finding new natural materials that have antimicrobial activity. We found that 3 plants extracts, Magnolia sieboldii K. Koch (M. sieboldii K. Koch), Rhus chinensis (R. chinensis) and Metasequioa glyptostroboides (M. glyptostroboides), have antimicrobial activities by disk diffusion method. We determined the Minimum Inhibitory Concentation (MIC) of each and found that 0.3 ~ 0.35 % of M. glyptostroboides essential oil and 0.35 ~ 0.4 % of M. sieboldii K. Koch extracts inhibited fungal growth and 0.45 ~ 0.5 % of R. chinensis extracts inhibited bacterial growth. We isolated compounds from extracts and verified what have antimicrobial activity. As a result we found that caryophyllene oxide and caryophyllene isolated from M. glyptostroboides, costunolide and dehydrocostus lactone from M. sieboldii K. Koch and ethyl gallate, ethyl-3-gallate from R. chinensis have antimicrobial activities. In accordance with antimicrobial activity, O/W cosmetic emulsion containing mixture of 3 plants extracts showed preservative efficacy against both bacteria and fungi. Based on the above data we suggest that extracts from M. siebodii K. Koch, R. chinensis, and M. glyptostroboides, replace chemical synthetic preservatives and be applied as a natural preservative.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.261-269
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• 2012

In this study, 18 kinds of Korean medicinal herb extracts were examined for anti-microbial activities against pathogenic microorganisms. The methanol (MeOH) extracts from Schizandra chinensis, Rhus javanica and Caesalpinia sappan exhibited antimicrobial activities against most pathogenic microorganisms at concentrations of 5 mg/mL, whereas the other 15 extracts exhibited anti-microbial activities at concentrations of 30 mg/mL. The minimum concentration at which Schizandra chinensis extracts inhibited for S. epidermidis and Bor. bronchiseptica was 0.6 mg/mL. The MeOH extracts from Schizandra chinensis, Caesalpinia sappan, Rhus javanica and Seutellaria baicalensis which had higher anti-microbial activities were subsequently fractionated using 5 different solvents, and further screened for anti-microbial activities. The inhibitory effects of ethyl acetate (EtOAc) extracts on microbial growth were greater compared to any other solvent extracts. In order to investigate the inhibitory effect of Korean medicinal herbs with high anti-microbial activities on microbial proliferation, the MeOH extracts at concentrations of 0, 100, 300 and 500 ppm were added to the media. No addition of extracts caused rapid growth of microbes after 12 hours incubation. As the concentration of extracts from Rhus javanica and Caesalpinia sappan increased, the growth-inhibiting effect on gram-positive bacteria including S. aureus, S. epidermidis, and L. monocytogenes was prominent. Rhus javanica extracts exhibited growth-inhibiting activity for gram-negative bacteria including Sal. Pullorum and Sal. Choleraesuis. The low concentration of extracts from Rhus javanica and Caesalpinia sappan exhibited the growth of Bor. bronchiseptica and E. coli serotype $O_8$. However, the higher concentration of extracts from Rhus javanica and Caesalpinia sappan exhibited a strong inhibitory effect on microbial proliferation.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.84 no.2
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• pp.151-165
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• 1995

This study was conducted to establish a systematized taxonomic problems of through the leaf morphological characters and leaf venation patterns, and stomatal cell patterns and cell characteristics of abaxial and adaxial surface of the leaflets by SEM, of 6 native species in Korea and 2 foreign species of the Genus Rhus in the Family Anacardiaceae. The results obtained from this study are summarized as followings: 1. Morphological study measured 32 characters of leaves from herbarium specimen and field-collected samples for each species. The results of cluster analysis based on the Euclidean distance showed that the species could be classified into 3 groups: R. sylvestris. R. typhina, R. succedanea: R. trichocarpa. R. chinensis. R. verniciflua: and R. ambigua. R. radicans subsp. orientale, Analysis of principal components showed 5 groups: The major factors in the first principal component group was length of petiole of the terminal leaflets, that in the second group angle of left side in the terminal leaflet bash, that in the third group area ratio between first and terminal leaflets, that in the forth group angle ratio between right and left side in the terminal leaflet base, and that in the fifth group was angle of main and secondary vein at midrib of terminal leaflet. Cumulative contribution by the first, second and third principal component group was explained with 82.6%, a large percent of all information. 2. The leaf venation pattern investigated using soft X-ray photography revealed clado-and reticulo-camptodromous types according to branching angle of the secondary vein. And three groups by the developing degree of secondary vein were R. trichocarpa, R. ambigua. R. chinensis, R. typhina; R. radicans subsp. onentale, R. succedanea, R. verniciflua: and R. sylvestris. Classification key for the Rhus of Korean-native Anacardiaceae was made by the venation pattern and devevoping degree of the secondary vein. 3. The stomatal cell patterns were greatly classified into paracytic and anomocytic types, specific among species according to stomatal and subsidiary cell patterns, and various differences among the species was determined. Microstructure of the adaxial and abaxial surfaces could be divided into synclinal and anticlinal cell wall patterns, and were specific-species. Stomatal cells of R. chinensis were surrounded with characterized villus-like cells.