• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.31 no.10
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• pp.1635-1642
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• 2018

Objective: This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of Rhus succedanea extract addition on in vitro ruminal fermentation and microbial growth. Methods: Two ruminally-fistulated steers consuming 600 g/kg timothy- and 400 g/kg cracked corn-based concentrate with free access to water and mineral block were used as rumen fluid donors. In vitro batch fermentation, with timothy as a substrate, was conducted for up to 72 h, with Rhus succedanea extracts added to achieve final concentrations of 0, 10, 30, 50, 70, and 90 mg/L. Results: Effective dry matter (DM) degradability rate linearly decreased (p = 0.046) depending on extract dosing levels. Total gas production after 24 to 72 h incubation tended to decrease following extract addition, beginning with 50 mg/L starting dose (significance of quadratic effects: p = 0.006, p<0.001, and p = 0.008 for 24, 48, and 72 h, respectively). Methane production decreased depending on dosing levels following 24 h (p<0.05) and 48 h (p<0.005) incubations and was the lowest with the 50 mg/L dose. The Rhus succedanea extracts increased the abundance of Fibrobacter succinogenes (p<0.05) and Ruminococcus flavefaciens (p = 0.0597) and decreased the abundance of methanogenic archaea (p<0.05) following 24 h incubation. Conclusion: Rhus succedanea was shown to reduce methane production and increase cellulolytic bacteria without any signs of toxic effects and with a minor effect on DM degradability.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.60-66
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• 2004

This study was carried out to confirm the phylogenetic relationships in Korean Rhus species. Sequences from internal transcribed spacers (ITS) of nuclear ribosomal DNA and rbcL gene of chloroplast DNA were determined. Cotinus coggygria was selected as outgroup because it is closest allied with Rhus in Anacardiaceae. Also, ingroup was limited as six Korean Rhus species. ITS 1 sequences in six species of Rhus and one species of Cotinus ranged from 246 to 253 bp and ITS 2 sequences from 234 to 244 bp. Concerning the G+C content of the studied taxa, ITS 1 sequences ranged from 58.0 to 68.13% and ITS 2 from 59.75 to 68.46%. On the other hand, rbcL sequences were same size in the all species examined by 1,428 bp. G+C contents of rbcL sequences were ranged from 43.56 to 43.77% which means there are nearly no different from interspecies each other. Phylogenetic tree strongly supports the colse relationships between R. succedanea and R. sylvestris. Rhus javanica and Cotinus coggygria were also closely allied with each other in ITS and rbcL trees. Therefore, R. javanica was regarded as most primitive species among the Korean Rhus species. ITS 1 region of nuclear ribosomal DNA was suggested as very useful taxonomical marker for genus Rhus.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.202-209
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• 1998

Through total fatty acid analysis by the Gas chromatography, 17 different fatty acids were identified from the sap extracted from bark of Korean Rhus(Anacardiaceae), six species. Linoleic acid(C18 :2) and oleic acid(C18 : 1) were identified as major fatty acids for the species investigated, but except in R. chinensis.In the fatty acid composition for the species, one or two specific-fatty acid was detected, and its could be utilized as a useful taxonomic character.The result of cluster analysis by the 22 reliable characters in the fatty acid composition suggested first group was R.trichocarpa and R. succedanea, the second group, R.verniciflua, R.ambgua and R. sylvestris, but R.chinensis was a greatly independent species. The possible chemotaxonomic application of the fatty acid composition of bark in the genus Rhus was discussed.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.165-173
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• 1995

This study was conducted to clarify not only the phytogeographical distribution but also species characteristics of Korean-native Anacardiaceae. 6 species of I genus were ascertained from herbarium specimens and field survey of natural population. Rhus verniciflua have been mainly cultivated in Wonju region, Kangwon-do and Hamyang region, Kyeongsangnam-do, could be cultivated in all parts of Korea, especially more in cold area. R. trichocarpa was distributed in all parts except for some far-islands of South in Korea. Petiole was especially reddish. Fruits are matured in June-July, and have stiff trichomes. R. sylvestris was widely distributed in the subtropical-temperate and temperate zone, and mainly distributed in the seashore and islands under 36$^{\circ}$ in Korea. Leaflets and petiole was reddish, and fruits were glabrous. R succedanea was only distributed in Jeju-do and several islands which is subtropical zone in Korea. Leaflets were lanceolate to oblong, characterized by little trichomes. R.chinensis is a ubiquitous tree which is widely distributed in the temperate zone, in Korea, and ranged perpendicularly to 800-900m. Inflorescense was characterized by apical site. Fruit was covered with dense short hairs and sometimes milky latex. R. ambigua was only distributed in subtropical zone, native in Kwang-do and Sangbaek-do, Yeochon-gun, Chunlanam-do in Korea. Especially, this species was a vine, trifoliolate and most poisonous. Leaflets were coriaceous, glabrous, and revolute type.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.84 no.2
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• pp.151-165
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• 1995

This study was conducted to establish a systematized taxonomic problems of through the leaf morphological characters and leaf venation patterns, and stomatal cell patterns and cell characteristics of abaxial and adaxial surface of the leaflets by SEM, of 6 native species in Korea and 2 foreign species of the Genus Rhus in the Family Anacardiaceae. The results obtained from this study are summarized as followings: 1. Morphological study measured 32 characters of leaves from herbarium specimen and field-collected samples for each species. The results of cluster analysis based on the Euclidean distance showed that the species could be classified into 3 groups: R. sylvestris. R. typhina, R. succedanea: R. trichocarpa. R. chinensis. R. verniciflua: and R. ambigua. R. radicans subsp. orientale, Analysis of principal components showed 5 groups: The major factors in the first principal component group was length of petiole of the terminal leaflets, that in the second group angle of left side in the terminal leaflet bash, that in the third group area ratio between first and terminal leaflets, that in the forth group angle ratio between right and left side in the terminal leaflet base, and that in the fifth group was angle of main and secondary vein at midrib of terminal leaflet. Cumulative contribution by the first, second and third principal component group was explained with 82.6%, a large percent of all information. 2. The leaf venation pattern investigated using soft X-ray photography revealed clado-and reticulo-camptodromous types according to branching angle of the secondary vein. And three groups by the developing degree of secondary vein were R. trichocarpa, R. ambigua. R. chinensis, R. typhina; R. radicans subsp. onentale, R. succedanea, R. verniciflua: and R. sylvestris. Classification key for the Rhus of Korean-native Anacardiaceae was made by the venation pattern and devevoping degree of the secondary vein. 3. The stomatal cell patterns were greatly classified into paracytic and anomocytic types, specific among species according to stomatal and subsidiary cell patterns, and various differences among the species was determined. Microstructure of the adaxial and abaxial surfaces could be divided into synclinal and anticlinal cell wall patterns, and were specific-species. Stomatal cells of R. chinensis were surrounded with characterized villus-like cells.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.86 no.3
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• pp.288-300
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• 1997

Morphology and anatomy of the fruit and seed of eight species of Rhus (Anacardiaceae) were investigated. The inflorescence of R. typhina was an apical and erect thysus, that of R. javanica was panicle. while that of the others were an axillary and pendulous panicle. Anatomical investigation of the pericarp showed that exocarp and mesocarp in R. javanica and R. typhina were integrated, but its in the others were disintegrated and uniform. In all these species, endocarp consisted of distinctly three lignified cell layers (outer, middle and inner endocarp) and crystal layers. The surface sculpturing of mature seed was variable and also contributed to understanding of species delimitation and relationships within the genus. Categorization by cluster analysis with 27 characters obtained from morphological and anatomical features of the fruit and seed resulted in two groups : R. trichocarpa - R. javanica group vs. R. ambigua - R. verniciflua - R. sylvestris - R. succedanea group. Taxonomic significance for the genus by these characters was supported by results of principal component analysis. The keys for the genus Rhus were provided using morphological and anatomical characters of the inflorescence, and fruit and seed.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.246-257
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• 2005

The flora was summarized as 176 taxa; 66families, 135genera, 147species,25varieties and 4forms in Mulgun-ni Windbreak Forest and 1531axa; 63families, 123genera, 138species, 13varieties and 2forms in Mijo-ri Windbreak Forest. The Specific Plant Species which is categorized by the Minisoy of Environment, Korea, was summarized as 24 taxa for the Degree I and 3 taxa for the Degree III in Mulgun-ni Windbreak Forest: Eusraphis japonica(Staphyleaceae), Aphananthe aspera(Ulmaceae), Ficus erecta(Moraceae), Puccinellia coreensis (Gramineae), Rhus succedanea(Anacariaceae), Koelreuteria paniculata(Sapindaceae) and 28 taxa for the Degree 1 and 7 taxa for the Degree III in Mijo-ri Windbreak Forests: Castanopsis cuspidata val. sieboldii(Fagaceae), Rubus h irsutus(Rosaceae), Elaeagnus macrophylla(Elaeagnaceae), Cinnamom urn japonic urn (Lauraceae), flex integra (Aquifuliaceae) and Lazoste lancEyolia(Lauraceae). From the enlisted vascular plants surveyed, the naturalized plants were 17 taxa in Mulgun-ni Windbreak Forest and 9 taxa in Mijo-ri Windbreak Forests with the Naturalization Index was 9.7 percent and 5.9 percent respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.25-37
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• 2013

The purpose of this study is to draw reasonable management plans to reinforce essence of Ohyundan(五賢壇: Five sprit tablets), a sacred site and monument of Jeju, by investigating and analyzing current status and problems of cultural landscape elements(e.g. architectural structures, installation, letters carved on the rocks, actual vegetation, etc.) while grasping placeness contained in Ohyundan through consideration of its history and transition process of Ohyundan a future being and shrine of Gyulrim Seowon(橘林書院) in Jeju. Results derived from research are summarized as follows. Ohyundan is noted due to its placeness in that it was a place for Gyulrim Seowon, Jeju's one and only Saaek Seowon(賜額書 院) and it was a symbolic space of exile culture in Jeju. As it is inferred from Gyulrim Seowon, which is dangho(堂號: clan name) of Seowon, orchards surrounding all over places are a signature landscape element that shows placeness of the past Ohyundan. Joduseok(俎豆石: altar stone), representing a core installation of Ohyundan and ancestral tablet of five spirits, created a refined place by putting up common stones around altar and founding blocked stones to wall. This refinement and thrift served basic mind of Neo-Confucianism, and led to of Jeju's Jonyang mind(spend-thrift mind). In conclusion, a practice plan is a prerequisite to restore essence of Ohyundan by actively excluding installations not suitable for placeness or overly designed such as Jeju Hyangrodang(a center for the elderly) and numerous monument houses. On the other hand, together with Joduseok, as letters carved on the rocks such as 'Jeungjoo Byukrip(曾朱壁立)' and 'Gwangpoongdae(光風臺)' and Yoocheonseok serve as a signature landscape that well shows mind of five spirits and teaching of Neo-Confucianism, and also a trace from a confucian viewpoint deeply rooted in Jeju, they are judged as a cultural landscape corresponding to the essence of place in Ohyundan which requires proactive preservation and plans for public relations. Together with this, although many different old big trees such as Pinus densiflora , Pinus thunbergii, Quercus variabilis, Celtis sinenis, Zelkova serrata and Rhus succedanea are a landscape element that increases sacred Ohyundan and commemorative value, now required is thorough entity tree management by assigning serial number on them as many of them were dead or removed resulting from transition process of land use. Further, to reinforce quality of site location belonging to Gyulrim Seowon, a prerequsite is to review plans that create Gyulrim at reinstalled site of building and raw land.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.24 no.4 s.65
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• pp.183-190
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• 1986

Identification of fruit sucking moths, their larval host plant, and degree of damages to fruits were investigated in $1982{\sim}'83$ at two orchards in Cheonnam province. In this study, 4 families 30 species were collected as fruit sucking moths and among them 10 species are newly recorded in Korea as fruit sucking moth: Catocala electa(B.), Spirama helicina(H.), Erebus ephesperis(H.), Parallelia stuposa(F.), Simplicia niphona(B.), Marumba gaschkewitschii(B. et G.), Agrius convolvuli(L.), Thyatira batis (L.), and Spilosoma niveum(M.). Larval host plants of fruit sucking moths in the vicinity of the fruit orchard include Cocculus trilobus D., Albizzia julibrissin D., Pterocarya rhoifolia S., Jaglans mandshurica M., Solanum melongena L., Brassia campestris S., Rubus idaeus C., Thalictrum aquilegifol L., and Rhus succedanea L. As the damage on different varieties of the main fruit trees, plum was orderly Santa Rosa>Beauty, Apple was Chook>Hong Og, Peach was Choseng Baeg Do>Hwang Do>Baeg Do, and Grape was Campbell Early>Neo Mascat>Golden Queen. Seasonal occurrence of main fruit sucking moth Spirama retorta(C.) showed peak 3 times in early-July, late-July, early-September. Oraesia emerginata(F.) showed peak 3 times in late-July, early-August, early- September and Lagoptera juno(D.) showed peak only in late-July and Adrias tyrannus amurensis(S.) showed peak only in mid-July. Fruit sucking moths were immigrated from p.m. 6 to a.m. 2, with peak in p.m. 10 to p.m. 12.