• Journal of the Korean Institute of Illuminating and Electrical Installation Engineers
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.107-112
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• 2013

Cu(In,Ga)$Se_2$ (CIGS) thin films were annealed on molybdenium/sodalime glass substrates of $300{\times}300mm^2$ by rapid thermal processing (RTP) with 2-step rising-temperature times in $N_2$ ambient. Morphological property, structural characteristics and chemical composition of the precursor of CIGS thin films were influenced directly with a change of $1^{st}$-step rising-temperature time in RTP whereas there is no significant difference with the different $2^{nd}$-step rising-temperature time (final crystallization temperature). The shorter $1^{st}$-step rising-temperature time in RTP obtained the higher photovoltaic cell efficiency from 7.469% to 8.479% even though the ideal composition in CIGS thin films could not be accoplished in this study.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.383-387
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• 2012

Purpose: Rising from a chair is important for activities of daily living. Several factors have influence on sit-to-stand movement. We studied the effect of inclination of seat surface of on the movement of rising from a chair with electromyographic (EMG). Methods: Twelve subjects performed the sit-to-stand movement on anterior-inclined, standard, and posterior inclined chair. We measured onset time of tibialis anterior and rectus femoris with EMG on each inclination chair. Results: The onset time at the anterior-inclined chair is significantly faster than it at the standard chair (p<0.05). And the onset time at the posterior-inclined chair is significantly slower than it at the standard chair (p<0.05). Conclusion: Rising from anterior inclined chair appeared to be more effective than rising from the standard and posterior inclined chair. Therefore, this finding suggests that the selection of set surface inclination must be considered for activities of daily living during rehabilitation.

• Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology
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• v.7 no.6
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• pp.876-883
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• 2012

The paper investigates three types of transfer function methods for detecting displacements of winding in a model transformer. To acquire these transfer functions, the measuring method of input voltage, current and its response is used in impulse method. The applied impulse voltages had three rising times, which were short rising time (less than 0.6 ${\mu}s$), medium rising time (about 0.8 ${\mu}s$) and long rising time (about 1 ${\mu}s$) in front waves. Every 10 measurements of voltage and current waves were averaged from 50 measurements of voltage and current waves. These transfer functions were tested in normal, 24mm elevated and 48mm elevated windings conditions and were analyzed with correlation coefficients and spectrum deviations. In the analysis, the results depend on the types of transfer functions and the rising times of input voltages.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.29 no.9
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• pp.907-914
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• 2020

In this study, the two-stage electroflotation-rising process was investigated with the aim of improving the performance of the conventional one-stage electroflotation process. A total of 32 min (the electroflotation and rising times were 30 min and 2 min, respectively,) was required when a current of 0.35 A was applied in the one-stage electroflotation-rising experiment. The amount of electric power required to treat 1 ㎥ of water was 1.75 kWh/㎥. For the two- stage system, the time required to achieve a turbidity removal rate of over 95% was 16 min (50% of the one-stage system). The amount of electric power required to treat 1 ㎥ of water was 0.59 kWh/㎥, which was only 33.7% of that required for the one-stage process. The total treatment time and electric power were excellent in case of the two-stage system in comparison with those of the one-stage process. The rate of turbidity removal for the horizontal electrode arrangement is 9.3% higher than that of vertical electrode arrangement. When Na₂SO₄ was used as the electrolyte, the optimum electrolyte concentration was 1.0 g/L.

• The Journal of Industrial Distribution & Business
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• v.9 no.10
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• pp.83-89
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• 2018

Purpose - The purpose of this study examines when the optimism impact on financial asset price forecasting and the boundary condition of optimism in the financial asset price forecasting. People generally tend to optimistically forecast their future. Optimism is a nature of human beings and optimistic forecasting observed in daily life. But is it always observed in financial asset price forecasting? In this study, two factors were focused on considering whether the optimism that people have applied to predicting future performance of financial investment products (e.g., mutual fund). First, this study examined whether the degree of optimism varied depending on the direction of the prior price trend. Second, this study examined whether the degree of optimism varied according to the forecast period by dividing the future forecasted by people into three time horizon based on forecast period. Research design, data, and methodology - 2 (prior price trend: rising-up trend vs falling-down trend) × 3 (forecast time horizon: short term vs medium term vs long term) experimental design was used. Prior price trend was used between subject and forecast time horizon was used within subject design. 169 undergraduate students participated in the experiment. χ² analysis was used. In this study, prior price trend divided into two types: rising-up trend versus falling-down trend. Forecast time horizon divided into three types: short term (after one month), medium term (after one year), and long term (after five years). Results - Optimistic price forecasting and boundary condition was found. Participants who were exposed to falling-down trend did not make optimistic predictions in the short term, but over time they tended to be more optimistic about the future in the medium term and long term. However, participants who were exposed to rising-up trend were over-optimistic in the short term, but over time, less optimistic in the medium and long term. Optimistic price forecasting was found when participants forecasted in the long term. Exposure to prior price trends (rising-up trend vs falling-down trend) was a boundary condition of optimistic price forecasting. Conclusions - The results indicated that individuals were more likely to be impacted by prior price tends in the short term time horizon, while being optimistic in the long term time horizon.

• International Journal of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.670-690
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• 2015

In this paper, numerical investigations for tank sloshing, based on commercial CFD package FLUENT, are performed to study effects of boundary layer grid, liquid viscosity and compressible air on sloshing pressure, wave height and rising time of impact pressure. Also, sloshing experiments for liquids of different viscosity are carried out to validate the numerical results. Through comparison of numerical and experimental results, a computational model including boundary layer grid can predict the sloshing pressure more accurately. Energy dissipation due to viscous friction leads to reduction of sloshing pressure and wave elevation. Sloshing pressure is also reduced because of cushion effect of compressible air. Due to high viscosity damping effect and compressible air effect, the rising time of impact pressure becomes longer. It is also found that liquid viscosity and compressible air influence distribution of dynamic pressure along the vertical tank wall.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering
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• v.26 no.9
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• pp.143-147
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• 2009

Inkjet printing makes use of ink droplets to form required patterns on a substrate. In order for the inkjet technology to produce reliable patterning tools, the jetting performance needs be controlled precisely. For controlling ink jetting performance, input waveform should be properly designed. In the past, the research was focused on designing dwell time of the input waveform for controlling jetting speed. However, the jetting performance is also closely related to rising and falling time. In this study, the effect of the rising and falling time on droplet speed will be investigated by measuring the droplet speed. In this study, the power OP amp (PA98A) was used in order to drive piezo inkjet head by amplifying the waveform generated from arbitrary function generator. The experimental results show that change of rising and falling time in the waveform not only affect the droplet speed but also optimal dwell time.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.111-122
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• 2010

As the Jamsu-bridge and the floodplains of the Han River can be flooded during the rainy season, the exact prediction of the peak flood time is very important for mitigation of flood hazard. This study analyzes the effect of outflow of Paldang Dam and tide of Yellow Sea on the Han River. A target area is from the Paldang dam to Jeonryu gauging station. Water level of Jeonryu as a downstream boundary condition was estimated through multi linear regression analysis with outflow of Paldang dam and tide level of Incheon, because it was influenced by both a tide of Yellow Sea and outflow of Paldang dam. In this study, Water Level Rising Travel Time of the Jamsu-bridge and some floodplains in the Han River are estimated. Also, The second order polynomial expressions for relationships of outflow of Paldang Dam and Water Level Rising Travel Time were developed considering the outflow of Paldang dam and tide of Yellow Sea.

• JSTS:Journal of Semiconductor Technology and Science
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.625-631
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• 2014

We propose a compact power-on reset circuit consisting of a switched capacitor, a capacitor, and a Schmitt trigger inverter. A switched capacitor working with a clock signal charges the capacitor. Thus, the voltage across the capacitor is increased toward the supply voltage. The circuit provides a reset pulse until the voltage across the capacitor reaches the high threshold voltage of the Schmitt trigger inverter. The proposed circuit is simple, compact, has no static power consumption, and works for a wide range of power-on rising times. Furthermore, the clock signal is available while the reset pulse is activated. The proposed circuit works for up to 6 s of power-on rising time, and occupies a $60{\times}30{\mu}m^2$ active area.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.557-567
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• 2022

Nonlinear free vibration analysis of a functionally graded beam resting on the nonlinear viscoelastic foundation is studied with uniform temperature rising. The non-linear strain-displacement relationship is considered in the finite strain theory. The governing nonlinear dynamic equation is derived based on the finite strain theory with using of Hamilton's principle. The Galerkin's decomposition technique is utilized to discretize the governing nonlinear partial differential equation to nonlinear ordinary differential equation and then is solved by using of multiple time scale method. The influences of temperature rising, material distribution parameter, nonlinear viscoelastic foundation parameters on the nonlinear free response and phase trajectory are investigated. In this paper, it is aimed that a contribution to the literature for nonlinear thermal vibration solutions of a functionally graded beam resting on the nonlinear viscoelastic foundation by using of multiple time scale method.