• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.137-144
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• 2010

The purpose of this study is to clarify locational characteristics and the road systems of existing 22 old settlements in Cheongju downtown of Korea. These old settlements are classified largely into two types by geographical feature; Hill type located in ridge and Valley type in the valley from the ridge. The Hill type is further categorized into San-rock located on ridge and Gogae located on hillside, and the Valley type into closed large and small valley, that is, Daegok and Sogok by the shape and size of the valley. The road systems are classified into outer road, approaching road, inner road, and side road. In San-rock type villages, Inner road is changed side roads by new arterial road, and new ones become inner road. The outer road are almost cut off, but side roads maintain. In the case of the Gogae type, main road becomes inner road, maintain old hierarchical road, and in other cases, villages are formed around side roads derived from main road, and outer road and inner road are cut off. Among the Valley type, Daegok type maintains old hierarchical road, while for Sogok type, outer roads are cut off, and new roads are outer road.

• International Journal of Highway Engineering
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.143-150
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• 2015

PURPOSES : The authors set out to estimate the related carbon emissions, energy use, and costs of the national freeways and highways in Korea. To achieve this goal, a macro-level methodology for estimating those amounts by road type, road structure type, and road life cycle was developed. METHODS : The carbon emissions, energy use, and costs associated with roads vary according to the road type, road structure type, and road life cycle. Therefore, in this study, the road type, road structure type, and road life cycle were classified into two or three categories based on criteria determined by the authors. The unit amounts of carbon emissions and energy use per unit road length by classification were estimated using data gathered from actual road samples. The unit amounts of cost per unit road length by classification were acquired from the standard cost values provided in the 2013 road business manual. The total carbon emissions, energy use, and cost of the national freeways and highways were calculated by multiplying the road length by the corresponding unit amounts. RESULTS: The total carbon emissions, energy use, and costs associated with the national freeways and highways in Korea were estimated by applying the estimated unit amounts and the developed method. CONCLUSIONS: The developed method can be employed in the road planning and design stage when decision makers need to consider the impact of road construction from an environmental and economic point of view.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Rural Architecture
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.45-52
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• 2008

The purpose of this study is to clarify the actual condition of the road station in japan. The thorough investigation and observation works were made from the view points of the location and service facilities of the road station in kanto area. This article discusses about the basic characteristics of the road stations and actual condition of service facilities of 126 road stations in kanto area. The results of this study are summarized as follows; The main patterns of the site by locational conditions are classified in five types. Those are mountain district type, traffic point type, urban district type, riverside type and seaside type. In planning of road stations, locational condition and regional difference of public facilities are crucial factors.

• Journal of Industrial Technology
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• v.26 no.B
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• pp.63-71
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• 2006

The concerned object of the construction industry is environment. It is one of the main purposes of today's construction that human can live reasonably in nature. This study is about the fish-road connecting hydraulic structure in the river with nature. Chapter 2, starting with the general investigation about fish-road and helps comprehension for relatively general fish-road such as necessity, establishment purpose, history, study example, relating domestic law, design condition, consideration and form of fish-road. Chapter 3, containing the present condition of fish-road facilities in Gangwon-Do and thoughts of the problems and general countermeasures of existing fish-road. Chapter 4, Having Examined compatibility by amount of flowing water through hydraulic model test in the Ice harbor I-type model. chapter 5, Analyzation and arrangement to efficient establishment plan of fish-road and the result of the hydraulic model experiment to be beaconed a little in forward fish-road study. In the hydraulic model test result, when we suppose establishment of 1~3 in slope of 1/20, could know that applicable drought flow of the river is $0.06{\sim}3.0m^3/sec$ in case of Ice harbor I-type which transforming Ice harbor that was invented as studying project of the Ministry of Environment.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.51-58
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• 2006

The purpose of this research presents a method to position and makes the structure for eco-corridors reasonably with collectable analysing results of various effects shown in mammals' road-kill at 429 points. Target animals of this research are Leopard cat, Siberian weasel, Raccoon dog, Korean hare, Eurasian red squirrel, Siberian chipmunk and Water deer. The results derived from the empirical analysis on the contents above are followed. First, according to the results as for Leopard cat road kill analysis, which is designated as Endangered Species Class II, the eco-corridor might be located at near village having stead food in order to decrease the frequencies of road-kill, because its road kill points were mainly collected at 4 lane hilly road with mountain-road-farm area geological type of. Second, because Siberian weasel's road kill was detected at 2 lane hilly road with mountain-road-stream geological type, the eco-corridor might be located at near a mill to decrease road-kill frequencies. Third, the road-kill frequency of Eurasian red squirrel can be reduced when the eco-corridor is located at the area across coniferous tree near 4 lane west sea freeway with mountain-road-mountain. Fourth, the road-kill of Raccoon dog can be reduced when the eco-corridor is located at 4 lane mountain road or hilly road with the geological type having farm land-road-mountain(stream). Fifth, Korean hare's road-kill can be reduced when the eco-corridor is located at grass land across ridge line of mountain, because wild rabbit road kill was happened at 4 lane mountain road or 2 lane mountain road(mountain-road-mountain). Sixth, As for Siberian chipmunk, the eco-corridor might be located at the side slope of mountain road at 2 lane mountain road under the speed of 60km/h with mountain-road-mountain. Seventh, For Water deer, the eco-corridor might be located at 4 lane hilly road with mountain-road-farm land. As for Common otter, Amur hedgehog, Yellow-throated marten, Weasel, it is difficult to specify the proper site of eco-corridor due to the lack of data. Eco-corridors for carnivores might be well located at 4 lane hilly road or 2 lane hilly road with mountain-road-farm land, and the track for herbivores might be well located as a overhead bridge on mountain-road-mountain type across mountains. In order to position eco-corridors for wildlife properly, we have to research animal's behavior with ecological background, and to consider the local uniqueness and regularly collect the empirical road-kill data in long term 3 to 5 year, which can be the foundation for the more suitable place of wild life eco-corridors.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Rural Architecture
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.9-16
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• 2016

Since 2000, family tour has increased a lot by effect of five-day workweek in South Korea. So, it became much needed road station. however road station's facilities are lacking. Recently, there is a growing emphasis on rural regional activation. So the government is concentrating in rural policy. In Japan case study, Road Station(RS, Michinoeki) make regional activation by Road station service. Rs is rest area for motor driver in rural area. In general, it is construct at rural roads, not a highway. In this paper, we hope to take a lesson from the RS case study. 2015, 2016, in japan, we visited to 7 case study and interviewed to a staff. As a result, In Japan's Rs was offering convenient services to motor driver and raising farmers's profits by selling local produce. The aim of that this paper is to suggest to Korean Type's Rs. There are five results from this paper as follows : First, Japan Rs, it works well to improve in regional activation in rural area. Two, Also Rs has to community facilities attached to the culture, welfare, library etc. Three, 5 Korean Type Rs can sort out. There are Community type, Joint tourism type, 6th industrialization type, Urban-Rural Interchange type, Shopping center type. This RS is introduced to Korea hopes to contribute to the regional activation in rural area.

• Elastomers and Composites
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• v.52 no.3
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• pp.216-223
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• 2017

The additive manufacturing technology, also called 3D printing, is growing fast. There are several methods for 3D printing. Fused deposition modeling (FDM) type 3D printing is the most popular method because it is simple and inexpensive. Moreover, it can be used for printing various thermoplastic materials. However, it contains the cooling of layered road and causes thermal shrinkage. Thermal shrinkage should be controlled to obtain high-quality products. In this study, temperature distribution and cooling behavior of a layered road with cooling are studied through computer simulation. The thermal shrinkage of the layered road was simulated using the calculated temperature distribution with time. Shape variation of the layered road was predicted as cooling proceeded. Stress between the bed and the layered road was also predicted.This stress was considered as the detaching stress of the layered road from the bed. The simulations were performed for various thermal conductivities and temperatures of the layered road, bed temperature, and chamber temperature of a 3D printer. The simulation results provide detailed information about the layered road for FDM type 3D printing under operational conditions.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.23 no.7
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• pp.1339-1347
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• 2014

This study were performed on roadside buffer green in Songpa-dong, Songpa-gu, Seoul in order to analyze the anion concentration according to the type of composition of roadside buffer green. Buffer green separating the physical structure of the measurement points and measurement locations were separated by roadside, green interior, the other side of the road. planting density and deposit of trees per each buffer green was measured in the order of mounding type> slope type> the plain type. If the measured temperature of the location-specific weather elements roadside> inside> the other side of the road in order of measurement and the temperature is lowered farther away from the road. If the relative humidity of the road on the other side> inside> the roadside in order to measure and this is the opposite of the temperature tendency. According to physical structure reduction of the temperature on the other side of the road and roadside in order of mounding type> the plain type> slope type was measured. As a result of measuring a anion therefore concentration of the anion inside of melt is in order of mounding type> the plain type> slope type, tended to match the melt characteristics. According to measured positions anion concentration is in the order of the other side of the road> inside> the roadside was measured. As a result of correlation analysis, in the case of measurement location-specific weather and anions the temperature is positive correlation, relative humidity is negative correlation and that's results of previous studies were supported.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.73-79
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• 1998

For the design and development of the wheel type excavator, the dynamic effects of travelling on the performance of the equipment should be first analyzed and conside- red in the initial design stage. In order to test the durability of the equipment in a short period, th travelling test should be performed over accelerated durability test tracks. which is more severe than general field roads such as city road, paved road, unpaved road and rough road. In this paper, a parametric study is performed in order to determine important design parameters of durability test track of a wheel type excavator. A rigid body model is developed using DADS and dynamic analysis is performed for the equipment travelling over several test roads with different severity. A comparison of test and analysis results is also presented.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.101-109
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• 1999

The purpose of this study is to analyse types and forms of branch-road in traditional korean villages. To do this, this study has selected and measured 87 branch-road cases of five traditional villages. An analysis of the case study has revealed the following results : 1. Branch-roads have four formations : 3 way, 4 way, multi-way and others. 2. Branch-roads comprise 64 percent of 3 way, 18 percent of 4 way, 8 percent of multi-way and 9 percent of others, respectively. 3. Topographic conditions have mostly affected the formation of branch-roads. 3 way of branch - roads are easily found in flat village. 4 way are multi-way of branch-road are found in semi-hilly and hilly village 4. 3 way of branch-roads have three types: T-type, Y-type, and y-type. 5. T-types are easily found in flat village, but Y-type and y-type are found in semi-hilly and hilly village. 6. Each angle of T-type is 171,99,90, respectively. It has turned out 8 degree is slightly deviated form the square. 7. Y-type of branch-road has an asymmetric form, comprising 145, 128, 87 degree of the angle, compared to 150, 150, 60 degree of symmetric one. 8. Average angles of y-type that are mostly found in hilly village are 175, 113, 72. Angle differences from each spot are 62 and 41 degree. It is assumed that 39 degree is a slope of least effort to walk. 9. 4 way of branch-roads have not only "＋" type but various types of K, Y and Y, Y and y, T and y and a foot of bird. 10. It is assumed that multi-way of branch-roads, mostly found on the middle and bottom of the hilly slope, has naturally formed to connect up and down, left and right.and right.