• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.75-81
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• 2017

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to compare the activity of the abductor hallucis (AbdH) muscle during short foot exercise (SFE) using foot orthosis (SFE-FO) and the windlass effect (SFO-WE) while sitting and in a one-leg standing position. METHODS: We recruited fourteen subjects with normal feet for this study. Surface electromyography (EMG) was used to measure the muscle activity of the AbdH muscle during SFE, SFE-FO, and SFE-WE while sitting and in a one-leg standing position. Three trials consisting of a 5 s hold for each of the three exercises were performed to measure the EMG activity of the AbdH muscle. Exercise type and position were randomly assigned. Two-way repeated-measures ANOVA was used to analyze the effects of exercise type (SFE vs. SFE-FO vs. SFE-WE) and position (sitting vs. one-leg standing position) on AbdH muscle activity. A statistical significance was set at ${\alpha}=.05$. RESULTS: The EMG activity of AbdH muscle in the SFE-WE exercise was significantly greater than that during SFE and SFE-FO in both exercise positions (p<.001). In addition, the EMG activity of the AbdH muscle in the one-leg standing position was significantly higher than that while sitting (p<.001) during all three exercises. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that SFE-WE is a more effective strengthening exercise than SFE or SFE-FO for activating the AbdH muscle.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.52 no.4
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• pp.250-257
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• 2019

Objectives: Flatfoot, or low medial longitudinal arch, contributes to back and lower extremity injuries and is caused by weak abductor hallucis (AbdH) muscles. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of short foot exercise (SFE) alone or with neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) on navicular height, the cross-sectional area (CSA) of the AbdH muscle, and AbdH muscle activity in flexible flatfoot. Methods: Thirty-six otherwise healthy people with flexible flatfoot were randomly assigned to a group that received SFE with placebo NMES treatment (the control group) or a group that received both SFE and NMES treatment (the experimental group). Each group received 4 weeks of treatment (SFE alone or SFE with NMES). Navicular height, the CSA of the AbdH muscle, and AbdH muscle activity were assessed before and after the intervention. Results: No significant differences were found in navicular height or the CSA of the AbdH muscle between the control and experimental groups, while AbdH muscle activity showed a statistically significant difference between the groups ($SFE=73.9{\pm}11.0%$ of maximal voluntary isometric contraction [MVIC]; SFE with $NMES=81.4{\pm}8.3%$ of MVIC; p<0.05). Moreover, the CSA of the AbdH muscle showed a statistically significant increase after treatment in the SFE with NMES group ($pre-treatment=218.6{\pm}53.2mm^2$ ; $post-treatment=256.9{\pm}70.5mm^2$ ; p<0.05). Conclusions: SFE with NMES was more effective than SFE alone in increasing AbdH muscle activity. Therefore, SFE with NMES should be recommended to correct or prevent abnormalities in people with flexible flatfoot by a physiotherapist or medical care team.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.14-24
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• 2023

Objectives This study was conducted to observe physiological changes when the function of spleen was extremely deteriorated, and to make an animal model with spleen deficiency. Methods The Normal group (Nr group) was not administered with Senna Folium extract. The SFE group(Senna Folium extract group) was administered with Senna Folium extract every day for the first 2 weeks and then every other day for another week. And the SFE_G group(Senna Folium extract_Ginseng group) was also administered with Senna Folium for 3weeks like the SFE group and fed with ginseng in the third week. Results The score of spleen deficiency was significantly higher in SFE group than in the Nr group and significantly lower in the SFE_G group than in the SFE group. The total weight gain was significantly lower in the SFE group than in the Nr group, and the average daily weight gain was significantly lower in the SFE group than in the Nr group. The difference in stool weight before and after the process of drying was significantly higher in the SFE group than in the Nr group, and significantly lower in the SFE-G group than the SFE group. There was no significant difference in the outcomes related to cold and heat among the three groups. Conclusions Through this study, the animal model with spleen deficiency was developed to prepare a stepping stone for animal tests to verify the efficacy and safety of constitutional prescriptions.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.41 no.6
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• pp.615-621
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• 2009

In order to optimize the supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) conditions of volatile components from the strawberry, we conducted an evaluation of the sample preparation and SFE operating conditions. The analysis of the volatile components extracted by a variety of sample preparation protocols led to the identification of 30, 26, 30, and 34 volatile components in fresh, freeze-dried, 30% celite and 70% celite treatments, respectively. The 70% celite treatment was the most effective in extracting the volatile components from strawberry via SFE. Analysis of the volatile components extracted by a variety of SFE operating conditions yielded identifications of 34, 35, 34, and 35 volatile components at 3,000 psi (40, $50^{\circ}C$) and 6,000 psi (40, $50^{\circ}C$), respectively. The extraction yield of alcohols and acids, and the total volatile component contents, were highest under conditions of 3,000 psi and $55^{\circ}C$. Volatile components from the strawberry were extracted via SFE, simultaneous steam distillation and extraction (SDE), and solvent extraction (SE). The analysis of the volatile components extracted via different extraction methods resulted in the identification of 56, 34, and 32 volatile components in the SDE, SFE, and SE extracts, respectively. The total volatile component contents identified in the SDE, SFE, and SE extracts were $20.268{\pm}1.144$, $21.627{\pm}1.215$ and $2.476{\pm}0.177\;mg/kg$, respectively. The SFE extract evidenced higher contents of sweet flavors such as 2-methylbutanoic acid, 2-methylpropanoic acid, and hexanoic acid than the SDE and SE extracts. SFE proved to be the most appropriate method for the extraction of fresh volatile components from the strawberry.

• Journal of Climate Change Research
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.109-123
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• 2017

The effects of recent climate change on hydrological systems could affect the Winter Olympic Games (WOG) because the event is dependent on suitable snow and ice conditions to support elite-level competitions. We investigate the long-term variability and change in winter total precipitation (P), snowfall water equivalent (SFE), and ratios of SFE to P during the period 1973/74~2015/16 in Gangwon province. The climatological percentages of SFE relative to winter total precipitation were 71%, 28%, and 44% in Daegwallyeong, Chuncheon, and Gangneung, respectively. The winter total P, SFE, and SFE/P has decreased (but not significantly), although significant increases of winter maximum and minimum temperature were detected at a 95% confidence level. Notably, a significant negative trend of SFE/P at Daegwallyeong in February, the month of the WOG, was attributable to a larger decrease in SFE related to the increases in maximum and minimum temperature. Winter wet-day minimum temperatures were warmer than climatological minimum temperatures averaged over the study period. The 20-year return values of daily maximum P and SFE decreased in Yongdong area. Since the SFE/P decrease with increasing temperature, the probability of rainfall rather than snowfall can increase if global warming continues.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.52 no.6
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• pp.515-528
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• 2019

Purpose: This study examined the immunological activity and optimized the mixture conditions of Sargassum horneri (S. horneri) extracts in vitro and in vivo models. Methods: S. horneri was extracted using three different methods: hot water extraction (HWE), 50% ethanol extraction (EE), and supercritical fluid extraction (SFE). Splenocyte proliferation and cytokine production (Interleukin-2 and Interferon-γ) were measured using a WST-1 assay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively. The levels of nitric oxide and T cell activation production were measured using a Griess assay and flow cytometry, respectively. The natural killer (NK) cell activity was determined using an EZ-LDH kit. Results: Among the three different types of extracts, HWE showed the highest levels of splenocyte proliferation and cytokine production in vitro. In the animal model, three different types of extracts were administrated for 14 days (once/day) at 50 and 100 mg/kg body weight. HWE and SFE showed a high level of splenocyte proliferation and cytokine production in the with and without mitogen-treated groups, whereas EE administration did not induce the splenocyte activation. When RAW264.7 macrophage cells were treated with different mixtures (HWE with 5, 10, 15, 20% of SFE) to determine the optimal mixture ratio of HWE and SFE, the levels of nitric oxide and cytokine production increased strongly in the HWE with 5% and 10% of SFE containing group. In the animal model, HWE with 5% and 10% of SFE mixture administration increased the levels of splenocyte proliferation, cytokine production, and activated CD4⁺ cell population significantly, with the highest level observed in the HWE with 5% of SFE group. Moreover, the NK cell activity was increased significantly in the HWE with 5% of SFE mixture-treated group compared to the control group. Conclusion: The optimal mixture condition of S. horneri with immune-enhancing activity is the HWE with 5% of SFE mixture. These results confirmed that the extracts of S. horneri and its mixtures are potential candidate materials for immune enhancement.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.1391-1396
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• 2004

The purpose of this research was to investigate the effects of supercritical fluid extract of Kamichungbieum (SFE) on immune reaction. SFE did not affect the subpopulation of murine splenocytes and increased the production of interleukin-2 in serum. Also, SFE inhibited the influx of Ca/sup 2+/ into mast cells and the release of histamine from mast cells. Furthermore, SFE decreased the phagocytic activity of murine macrophages, These results indicate that SFE may be useful for the treatment of allergy related disease via inhibition of histamine release from mast cells and decrease of phagocytic activity of murine macrophages.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2016.02a
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• pp.272.2-272.2
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• 2016

Copper-Tin (CuSn) thin films were synthsized by rf magnetron co-sputtering method with pure Cu and Sn metal targets with various rf powers and sputtering times. The obtained CuSn thin films were characterized by a surface profiler (alpha step), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray induced Auger electron spectroscopy (XAES), and contact angle measurement. The deposition rates were calculated by the thickness of CuSn thin films and sputtering times. We observed hexagonal Cu20Sn6 and cubic Cu39Sn11 phases from the films by XRD measurement. From the survey XPS spectra, the Cu and Sn main peaks were observed. Therefore, we could conclude CuSn thin films were successfully fabricated on the substrate in this study. The changes of oxidation states and chemical environment of the films were investigated with high resolution XPS spectra in the regions of Cu 2p, Cu LMM, and Sn 3d. Surface free energy (SFE) and wettability of the CuSn thin films were studied with distilled water (DW) and ethylene glycol (EG) using the contact angle measurement. The total SFE of CuSn thin films decreased as rf power on Cu target increased. The contribution to the total SFE of dispersive SFE was relatively superior to polar SFE.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.1857-1864
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• 2018

Phthalate plasticizers residue in food is a serious threat to public health. Spores of Ganoderma lucidum are easy to be contaminated with phthalates during collection and processing. In this study, supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) was performed to remove phthalates in spores of G. lucidum, and the effects on acid and peroxide values of spores' oil were also evaluated. The results showed SFE removed 100% of the residual di-iso-butyl phthalate, di-n-butyl phthalate and di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate in the spores of G. lucidum. No significant differences in polysaccharides content and fatty acid composition were observed between SFE and control spores. However, the triterpenoid extracts of SFE spores had a 7.45% increase, significantly higher than that in control spores. Accelerated oxidation tests further implied that SFE could improve the stability of spores' oil. Our results suggested SFE is a potential approach to remove phthalate from food related products.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.481-494
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• 2009

Background : Radix Sophora Flavescentis (SF) is used for the treatment of diabetes mellitus in Traditional Korean Medicine. However, little is known about the effects of Radix Sophora Flavescentis extract (SFE) on the hypoglycemic mechanism. Objective : We performed a series of experiments to verify the effects of SFE on the proliferation of RIN-m5F, the secretion and synthetic processes of insulin with glucose stimulation and inhibition of $\alpha$-glucosidase. Methods : Various amounts of SFE were added to the RIN-m5F cell culture to identify the effects on the cell proliferation, total amounts of insulin secretion, and related gene expression at the molecular level. Also to identify the inhibitory effect on the $\alpha$-glucosidase activities, ${\rho}NPG$ assay was done with various SFE concentrations followed by comparison with control. Results : SFE did not show considerable effects on RIN-m5F cells proliferation, insulin secretion or insulin mRNA expression, whichever phenomena did not depend on the glucose concentration. However, SFE significantly inhibited $\alpha$-glucosidase activity in a dose dependent manner compared to control. Conclusions : This study showed that SFE has potent $\alpha$-glucosidase inhibitory activity. Thus, SF may by used for the improvement of overall glycemic control. Further mechanism studies on the lipid toxicity and oxidation stress of SF seem to be necessary.