• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.127-134
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• 2011

The purpose of the study was to assess and compare the diversity of plant species (trees, shrubs, herbs) of natural forest and plantations. A total of 52 plant species were recorded in the natural forest, of which 16 were trees, 15 were shrubs and 21 were herbs. On the contrary, 31 species of plants including 11 trees, 8 shrubs and 12 herbs were identified in plantation forest. Shannon-Wiener diversity index were 2.70, 2.72 and 3.12 for trees, shrubs and herbs respectively in the natural forest. However, it was 2.35 for tree species, 2.31 for shrub species and 2.81 for herb species in the plantation forest. Jaccard's similarity index showed that 71% species of trees, 44% species of shrubs and 43% species of herbs were same in plantations and natural forest.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.1-15
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• 2011

The present study was undertaken in middle altitudinal (1500 to 2500 masl) moist temperate forest of Mandal-Chopta area in the Garhwal region of Uttarakhand, India. The aim of the present study was to assess the variation in species composition and diversity in different vegetation layers viz. herb, shrub and tree, at different altitudes. Shannon-Wiener diversity index ($\bar{H}$), $Nha^{-1}$, total basal cover per hectare (G), Simpson concentration of dominance, Pielou Equitability, species richness (SR), Margalef index, Menheink index of species richness and ${\beta}$-diversity were calculated to understand community composition. Tree G ranged from 84.25 to 35.08 $m^2ha^{-1}$ and total stem density varied from 990 to 1470 Nha-1. Total SR (herb, shrub and trees) among different forest types ranged between 31 and 58. Maximum G of herb and shrub layers was recorded at lower altitudes between 1500 and 1650 masl. ${\beta}$-diversity was higher in herb layers as compared to tree and shrub layers. Dominance-diversity curves were also drawn to ascertain resource apportionment among various species in different forest types. Values of species diversity, $\bar{H}$, $Nha^{-1}$ and G were higher in the study area as compared to similar forests growing in other parts of Uttarakhand Himalaya.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.27 no.12
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• pp.2089-2093
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• 2017

The past decades have been a golden era during which great tasks were accomplished in the field of microbiology, including food microbiology. In the past, culture-dependent methods have been the primary choice to investigate bacterial diversity. However, using culturein-dependent high-throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA genes has greatly facilitated studies exploring the microbial compositions and dynamics associated with health and diseases. These culture-independent DNA-based studies generate large-scale data sets that describe the microbial composition of a certain niche. Consequently, understanding microbial diversity becomes of greater importance when investigating the composition, function, and dynamics of the microbiota associated with health and diseases. Even though there is no general agreement on which diversity index is the best to use, diversity indices have been used to compare the diversity among samples and between treatments with controls. Tools such as the Shannon-Weaver index and Simpson index can be used to describe population diversity in samples. The purpose of this review is to explain the principles of diversity indices, such as Shannon-Weaver and Simpson, to aid general microbiologists in better understanding bacterial communities. In this review, important questions concerning microbial diversity are addressed. Information from this review should facilitate evidence-based strategies to explore microbial communities.

• Journal of the Korean Statistical Society
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.289-303
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• 1998

For square contingency tables with ordered categories, Tomizawa (1995) considered two kinds of measures to represent the degree of departure from global symmetry, which means that the probability that an observation will fall in one of cells in the upper-right triangle of square table is equal to the probability that the observation falls in one of cells in the lower-left triangle of it. This paper proposes a generalization of those measures. The proposed measure is expressed by using Cressie and Read's (1984) power divergence or Patil and Taillie's (1982) diversity index. Special cases of the proposed measure include TomiBawa's measures. The proposed measure would be useful for comparing the degree of departure from global symmetry in several tables.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.18 no.7
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• pp.907-911
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• 2008

Radish (Raphanus sativus L.) is one of very important crop plants in the world. It is very important to determine hybrid seed quality in the production of hybrid Brassica vegetable seeds to avoid unacceptable contamination with self-inbred (sib) seeds. The allozyme for evaluating seed purity in a commercial $F_1-hybrid$ radish cultivar is demonstrated. Three hundred sixty seeds from the male and female harvest were subsequently screened for seed purity using 27 isozyme loci. Especially, F1 hybrids of radish, Per-1 ($aa{\times}bb$), Lap-1 ($aa{\times}bb$), Est-1 ($aa{\times}bb$) were presented clear hybrid bands. Est-1 locus revealed that 15 (8.3%) seeds from the female harvest and 26 (14.4%) seeds from the male harvest were sibs. It maintains higher than average level of genetic diversity compared with their correspondent parents. Shannon's index of phenotypic diversity (I) of hybrids was the highest of all accessions (R. sativus L. cv. Daepeng, R. sativus L. cv. Backza, and their hybrids). The allozyme may lead to a better insight into the hybrid seed purity.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.212-223
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to investigate the plant community structure and identify the change for 13 years(1983~1996) of forest around Youcheon industrial complex, Korea. 27 plots(300$m^2$/1plot) were established in forest around Youcheon industrial complex. By DCA ordination technique, the 27 plots were classified into five communities, which were Pinus thunbergii community, Pinus thunbergii-Quercus spp. community, P. thunbergii-Eurya japonica community, P. densiflora-P. thunbergii community and P. densiflora community. It seemed that P. thunbergii-Quercus app. community and P. densiflora-P. thunbergii community succeeded to Quercus spp. community and it seemed that P. thunbergii community, P. thunbergii-E. japonica community and P. densiflora community would not be replace by another woody species. Soil pH was pH 4.38~4.61, there were bad soil for organic matters content and exchangeable cations(C $a^{++}$, $Mg^{++}$, $K^{+}$) content. Shannon's diversity, H' max and number of species were improved for 13 years. So did soil characteristics.s.s.s.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.188-199
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to provide data for conservation management of Pinus densiflora forest by analyzing ecological characteristics and the change of Pinus densiflora community structure for fifteen years in Gayasan National Park. According to the results of TWINSPAN analysis of Pinus densiflora forest, there were twenty plots(unit: $500m^2$)and it was classified into seven community types. The dominant species were Pinus densiflora in canopy layer, Carpinus laxiflora, Quercus variabilis, Quercus serrata in the understory layer and Sasa borealis, Rhododendron mucronulatum, Rhus trichocarpa in the shrub layer. The index of shannon's diversity was from 0.6803 to 1.2559 per $500m^2$ and the range of species number was from twenty-seven to fourty. As a result of the change of Pinus densiflora forest structure, the importance percentage(I.P.) of Carpinus laxiflora, Quercus variabilis, Quercus serrata in the understory layer were increased for fifteen years. The index of shannon's diversity changed $0.2608{\sim}1.0124\;into\;0.5547{\sim}1.2567\;per\;500m^2$ and species number changed $14{\sim}26\;into\;26{\sim}34$ for fifteen year.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.159-172
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• 2019

Madhupur National Park (MNP) is one of the last remaining patches of old-growth natural Sal forest left in Bangladesh where the forest is tropical moist deciduous type. A study was revealed to assess the tree species diversity and composition in this area. For determining tree species the study was conducted through extensive random quadrat survey methods with $20m{\times}20m$ sized plots. Results of the study indicated that there were 139 tree species belonging to 100 genera and 40 families. The quadrat survey assessed the basal area, stem density, diversity indices and importance value index of the tree species having ${\geq}5cm$ D.B.H (Diameter at Brest Height). The basal area and stem density of the tree species were $20.689{\pm}1.08m^2/ha$ and $1412.93{\pm}64.27stem\;ha^{-1}$ while, diversity indices, i.e. Shannon-Wiener's diversity, Simpson's evenness, Margalef's species richness and Pielou's dominance indices indicated poor diversity in comparison to that of other PAs (Protected Areas) in South-Eastern region of Bangladesh. The structural composition based on height and D.B.H through reverse-J shaped curve indicated higher regeneration and recruitment but removal of trees of large growth classes. Sal (Shorea robusta) was the most dominant tree species that accounts 75% of the total tree individuals in the natural forest patches. However, some associates of Sal, i.e. Bhutum (Hymenodictyon orixensis), Gadila (Careya arborea), and Kusum (Schleichera oleosa) etc. were seemed to be rare in MNP.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.660-670
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• 2014

The Korean plum yew (Cephalotaxus koreana Nakai) is a shade-tolerant, coniferous shrub. The seeds have been used as a folk medicine in Korea, and an alkaloid extract (HTT) is known to have anticancer properties. We estimated the genetic diversity of 429 trees in 16 populations in South Korea using 194 polymorphic amplicons from seven combinations of AFLP primer-restriction enzymes. The average number of effective alleles and the percentage of polymorphic loci were 1.37 and 79.4%, respectively. Shannon's diversity index and the expected heterozygosity were 0.344 and 0.244, respectively. We divided 16 populations into four groups on the UPGMA dendrogram and the PCA biplot. The first two principal components explained 84% of the total genetic variation. Genetic differentiation between populations explained 14% of total genetic variation, and the remaining 86% came from difference between individuals within populations, as determined by an analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA). However, the genetic differentiation did not correlate with the geographic distance between populations from the Mantel test. The Bayesian statistics, which are comparable to Wright's $F_{ST}$ and Nei's $G_{ST}$, were ${\theta}^I=0.406$ and ${\theta}^{II}=0.172$, respectively. The population genetic diversity was slightly lower, and the strength of genetic differentiation was much weaker, than the average of those plants having similar life histories, as assessed using arbitrary marker systems. We discuss strategies for the genetic conservation of the plum yew in Korea.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.239-244
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• 2004

In this review, we present the results of our ten years of study on beef cattle production as a means of preserving phytodiversity and landscape in the semi-natural grasslands of the Aso region of Japan. There are about 16,000 ha of semi-natural grasslands in the region. The grasslands are maintained for animal production through such activities as grazing, mowing, and controlled burning. The Shannon's diversity index values, as measured in the present study, were higher in the grazed sites than in the abandoned sites. The grazing activities thus seem to create suitable habitats for coexisting herbaceous species. The grassland grazed moderately over a long term was able to sustain more animals than the grassland unused over a long term.