• Electrical & Electronic Materials
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• v.10 no.6
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• pp.581-588
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• 1997

The ionization energy and degree of ionization for Si and Ge with boron doping are calculated. The hole mobilities are then calculated as a function of doping concentration using the relaxation time approximation. When the screening effect is taken into account, the reduction of ionization energy results in the increase of degree of ionization. As a result, the calculated Si mobility becomes closer to the experimental data, whereas the calculated Ge mobility is almost independent of the screening effect. The inclusion of the broadening effect in the mobility calculation overestimates the ionized impurity scattering. As compared with the experiment, the screening effect is not avoidable to calculate Si and Ge mobilities, and the broadening effect must accompany with the hopping process.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.589-594
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• 2013

Background: Prospective cohort studies to determine cofactors with oncogenic HPV-infections for cervical cancer are very rare from developing countries and such data are limited to the few screening trials. Large screening trials provide such data as a by product. Some of the cases are prevented by screening and do not surface as invasive cancers at all. Also, pre-invasive lesions are detected almost entirely by screening. Screening causes selection bias if attendance in or effectiveness of screening is correlated with the risk factors. The aim of this study was to quantify the influence of screening on risk factors for cervical cancer. Materials and Methods: Our material stems from a rural cohort of 80,000 women subjected to a randomised screening trial. The effect of screening on the incidence of cervix cancer was estimated with reference to socio-demographic and reproductive risk factors of cervical cancer. We compared these risks with the incidence of cancer in the randomised control population by the same determinants of risk. Results: The results in the screening arm compared to the control arm showed that the women of low SES and young age were benefitting more than those of high SES and old age. The relative risk by age (30-39 vs 50-59) was 0.33 in the control arm and 0.24 in the screening arm. The relative risk by education (not educated vs educated) was 2.8 in the control arm and 1.8 in the screening arm. The previously married women did not benefit (incidence 113 and 115 per 100,000 women years in control vs screening arms) whereas the effect was substantial in those married (86 vs 54). Conclusions: The results in controls were consistent with the general evidence, but results in attenders and nonattenders of the screening arm showed that screening itself and self-selection in attendance and effectiveness can influence the effect estimates of risk factors. The effect of cervical cancer screening programmes on the estimates of incidence of cervical cancer causes bias in the studies on etiology and, therefore, they should be interpreted with caution.

• The Korean Journal of Ceramics
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.386-389
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• 1999

Effect of high voltage screening was examined on mechanical strength of titania ceramics with two different surface roughness. Roughly finished sample showed degraded mechanical strength meaning that the introduced flaw played the role of starting point of mechanical fracture. On such sample, electrically weak parts were eliminated by applying a screening field. Mechanical strength measurement on survived parts revealed that after screening the Weibull plots bended to become a convex curve while plots at high strength region were almost the same. This result means that relatively low mechanical strength parts were eliminated by the electrical method. As a result the Weibull modulus calculated from all the data increased, demonstrating the effect of high voltage screening on titania ceramics containing fracture controlling surface flaws. Roles of the surface flaw such as a common weak spot for both failures are disscussed in relation to the electric field concentration similar to that of mechanical stress.

• Journal of Advanced Navigation Technology
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.733-739
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• 2023

The purpose of this study verify to the effect of applying the X-ray screening ability rating for security screening persons in Incheon International Airport. Data collected through a evaluation score of 1,034 security screening persons in Incheon International Airport. Data analysis performed using paired sample t-test. The research results found that it was a statistically significant difference pre-test and post-test applying the X-ray screening ability rating. In this article, we asserts that the X-ray screening ability rating is effective in improving the X-ray screening ability of security screening persons. This paper contribute to the academic expansion of motivation theory and self-determination theory. This study is valuable as a preemptive empirical research that provides practical implications about the application of X-ray screening ability rating for security screening persons.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.400-411
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• 2004

Purpose: This study was aimed to develop a computerized reminder system and evaluate it's effect in terms of percent age change of screening, and satisfaction. Method: It was conducted through 6 phases: Analyzing the job and defining the basic input data, developing the information system, collecting and inputting data, testing the system, working with the system, and evaluating it's effect. Participants were 787 people (female 30-69 years, and males 40-49 years) in 2 dong of Suyoung gu, Busan, who haven't had cancer screening for the stomach, breast, or cervix since Dec. 2000. There were three experimental groups: a letter; calling and calling after the letter reminder, and a non-equivalent control group. To determine whether services were obtained, a telephone survey was done after two months of follow-up. Result: A cancer screening information system with five DB modules was developed. Overall compliance with screening was not statistically significantly changedbefore and after applying computerized reminders for all three screening sites. Only 16% were satisfied with the reminder. Conclusion: This data didn't show that a reminder effort was effective of screening. However, because the evaluation interval was too short to find a difference in screening rate, we recommend additional longer prospective follow up studies.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.160-170
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to develop an explanatory model to predict factors related to continuous participation in the Pap smear screening among Korean women. A hypothetical model was constructed on the basis of Health Belief Model and extensive review of literature on the Pap smear screening. Exogeneous variables included in this model were knowledge, perceived sensitivity, perceived severity, negative and positive emotional responses and professional support from physicians and nurses. Endogeneous variables were threat to cervical cancer, perceived benefit of the Pap smear screening, perceived barrier, and the final outcome variable was continuous participation in the Pap smear screening. The hypothetical model was tested with an empirical study. The data was collected from 623 married women whose age range was 24 - 83 using a self-reported survey questionnaire which was developed by the researcher. It's Cronbach's alpha score ranged from .6478 to .9118. Data was collected at different locations in Seoul; a university hospital, a local health center, and apartment complexes. Data analysis was done using SPSS 7.5 WIN Program for descriptive statistics and LISREL 8.12a WIN Program for covariance structural analysis. In conclusion, threat, perceived benefit, perceived barrier, positive emotion and professional support had a significant direct effect on continuous participation in the Pap smear screening among Korean women. The results of this study also showed that perceived barrier had the most significant direct effect on continuous participation in the Pap smear screening while negative emotional response had the most significant direct effect on perceived barrier. It can be suggested that decreasing perceived barrier by reducing negative emotional responses may be the most effective strategies for increasing continuous participation in the Pap smear screening among married Korean women.

• Journal of the Korean Vacuum Society
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.410-420
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• 2006

The dynamic effects, such as the steering and the screening effects during deposition on an epitaxial growth is studied by kinetic Monte Carlo simulation. In the simulation, we incorporates molecular dynamic simulation to rigorously take the interaction of the deposited atom with the substrate atoms into account, We find three characteristic features of the surface morphology developed by grazing angle deposition: (1) enhanced surface roughness, (2) asymmetric mound, and (3) asymmetric slopes of mound sides, Regarding their dependence on both deposition angle and substrate temperature, a reasonable agreement of the simulated results with the previous experimental ones is found. The characteristic growth features by grazing angle deposition are mainly caused by the inhomogeneous deposition flux due to the steering and screening effects, where the steering effects play the major role rather than the screening effects. Newly observed in the present simulation is that the side of mound in each direction is composed of various facets instead of all being in one selected mound angle even if the slope selection is attained, and that the slope selection does not necessarily mean the facet selection.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.801-808
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• 2004

Purpose: This study was aimed to identify the effect of self-foot reflexology on the relief of premenstrual syndrome and dysmenorrhea in high school girls. Method: Study subjects was 236 women residing in the community, teachers and nurses who were older than 45 were recruited. Data was collected with self administered questionnaires from July 1st to August 31 st, 2003 and analysed using SPSS/WIN 10.0 with Xtest, t-test, and stepwise multiple logistic regression at a significant level of =.05. Result: The breast cancer screening rate was 57.2%, and repeat screening rate was 15.3%. With the multiple logistic regression analysis, factors associated with mammography screening were age and perceived barriers of action, and factors related to the repeat mammography screening were education level and other cancer screening experience. Conclusion: Based on the results, we recommend the development of an intervention program to decrease the perceived barrier of action, to regard mammography as an essential test in regular check-up, and to giveactive advertisement and education to the public to improve the rates of breast cancer screening and repeat screening.

• Journal of Korean Society for Quality Management
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.88-95
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• 2005

Multistage screening is a common practice when a component has a critical effect on the function of the assembly. A defect in a component might incur malfunction of an electronic device, resulting in a great amount of loss. Multistage screening, including duplicated screening inspections, may provide a good solution for this problem when inspection errors are present. In the company studied here, the manufacturing process of the multiple layer chip capacitor includes two-stage screening. In the first stage, screening inspection is performed repeatedly until no defects are found in the lot. In the second stage, sampling inspection is performed by a group of experts prior to shipment. In this article, we review the procedure used in the field and suggest a revised model of the multiple screening procedure and solution method for this situation. The usefulness of the proposed model is discussed through a practical example.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.8
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• pp.3591-3592
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• 2015

Endoscopy has been increasingly used in clinical practice and as a standardized examination procedure for gastrointestinal diseases. However, only a few studies on endoscopic screening for evaluating mortality reduction from gastric cancer have been carried out. Even if a high detection rate is obtained in clinical practice, such a rate cannot be directly accepted as evidence providing the effectiveness of cancer screening. Endoscopic screening for gastric cancer is not an exception of possibility to detect overdiagnosis. If detection rate is used for the evaluation of the effectiveness of cancer screening, the possibility of overestimating the effectiveness of cancer screening cannot be ruled out. To avoid the effect of overdiagnosis and confirm the effectiveness of endoscopic screening, mortality reduction from gastric cancer must be carefully evaluated by conducting reliable studies. The burden of gastric cancer remains real and this cannot be ignored in Eastern Asian countries. To determine the best available method for gastric cancer screening, evaluation of its effectiveness is a must. Endoscopic screening for gastric cancer has shown promising results, and thus deserves further comprehensive evaluation to reliably confirm its effectiveness and how its optimal use can be strategically promoted.