• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.16 no.12
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• pp.1319-1324
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• 2007

A tank model in conjunction with Kalman filter is developed for prediction of sediment yield from an upland watershed in Northwestern Mississippi. The state vector of the system model represents the parameters of the tank model. The initial values of the state vector were estimated by trial and error. The sediment yield of each tank is computed by multiplying the total sediment yield by the sediment yield coefficient. The sediment concentration of the first tank is computed from its storage and the sediment concentration distribution(SCD); the sediment concentration of the next lower tank is obtained by its storage and the sediment infiltration of the upper tank; and so on. The sediment yield computed by the tank model using Kalman filter was in good agreement with the observed sediment yield and was more accurate than the sediment yield computed by the tank model.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2009

In this study a sediment yield is compared by IUSG, IUSG with Kalman filter, tank model and tank model with Kalman filter separately. The IUSG is the distribution of sediment from an instantaneous burst of rainfall producing one unit of runoff. The IUSG, defined as a product of the sediment concentration distribution (SCD) and the instantaneous unit hydrograph (IUH), is known to depend on the characteristics of the effective rainfall. In the IUSG with Kalman filter, the state vector of the watershed sediment yield system is constituted by the IUSG. The initial values of the state vector are assumed as the average of the IUSG values and the initial sediment yield estimated from the average IUSG. A tank model consisting of three tanks was developed for prediction of sediment yield. The sediment yield of each tank was computed by multiplying the total sediment yield by the sediment yield coefficients; the yield was obtained by the product of the runoff of each tank and the sediment concentration in the tank. A tank model with Kalman filter is developed for prediction of sediment yield. The state vector of the system model represents the parameters of the tank model. The initial values of the state vector were estimated by trial and error.

• Environmental Sciences Bulletin of The Korean Environmental Sciences Society
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.29-36
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• 1998

An instantaneous unit sediment graph (IUSG) model is investigated for prediction of sediment yield from an upland watershed in Northwestern Mississippi. Sediment yields are predicted by convolving source runoff with an IUSG. The IUSG is the distribution of sediment from an instantaneous burst of rainfall producing one unit of runoff. The IUSG, defined as a product of the sediment concentration distribution (SCD) and the instantaneous unit hydrograph (IUH), is known to depend on the characteristics of the effective rainfall. The IUH is derived by the Nash model for each event. The SCD is assumed to be an exponential function for each event and its parameters were correlated with the effective rainfall characteristics. A sediment routing function, based on travel time and sediment particle size, is used to predict the SCD.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.29-36
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• 1993

An instantaneous unit sediment graph (IUSG) model is investigated for prediction of sediment yield from an upland watershed In Northwestern Mississippi. Sediment yields are predicted by convolving source runoff with an IUSG. The IUSG is the distribution of sediment from an instantaneous burst of rainfall producing one unit of runoff. The IUSG, defined as a product of the sediment concentration distribution (SCD) and the instantaneous unit hydrograph (IUH), is known to depend on the characteristics of the effective rainfall. The IUH is derived by the Nash model for each event. The SCD is assumed to be an exponential function for each event and its parameters were correlated with the effective rainfall characteristics. A sediment routing function, based on travel time and sediment particle size, is used to predict the SCD.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.308-316
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• 1986

Vertical distribution of heterotrophic bacteria and physico-chemical characteristics were measuted in Kum River estuarine sediments. And interrelationship between heterotrophic bacterka and environmental factors was also studied. The type of sediment of Site 1 was silty clay, and sand at Site 2. Annual pH ranges were between 7.1 and 7.7 in the clay type sediment (Site 1) and 6.9-7.2 in the sand type sediment (Site 2). It was shown that organic matter contents were higher in the clay type sediment than those of sand type sediment. Redox potential values of sediments were decreased rapidly with depth at Site 1, but those of Sete 2 showed vertical fluctuation. Nitrogens(ammonia+amino acid-N, nitrate-N, nitrite-N) and phosphate in the clay type sediment showed higher values than those of sand type sediment. Annual distribution of heterotrophic bacteria were ranged $6.71{\times}10^4$ cells/g dry wt. $-2.50{\times}10^6$ cells/g dry wt. In the clay type sediment and $2.67{\times}10^3$ cells/g dry wt. $-1.94{\times}10^6$ cells/g dry wt. in the sand type sediment. Distribution of proteolytic, lipolytic, and amylolytic bacteria were decreased with the depth and the highest density was found in April and the lowest in January. Bacterial populations in sediments were closely correlated with such environmental factors as pH, redox potential, moisture content, organic matter contents, and inorganic nutrients such as nitrite-N and phosphate-P.

• ALGAE
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.115-123
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• 2012

The establishment of algal spores plays an essential role in adult kelp distribution and abundance patterns. Sedimentation is a key variable regulating algal spore settlement and success, possibly controlling species-specific dominance $in$ $situ$. Laboratory experiments were used to determine spore attachment and survival rates of two Alaskan canopy-forming kelps, $Nereocystis$ $luetkeana$ (K. Mertens) Postels & Ruprecht and $Eualaria$ $fistulosa$ (Postels & Ruprecht) M. J. Wynne, to various types of sediment loading. Spore attachment for both species was significantly and similarly affected by three sediment treatments: suspended particles; settled sediment covering the substratum; and smothering of attached spores by settling sediment. Spore attachment decreased by approximately 90% at 420 mg sediment $L^{-1}$, the highest sediment load tested here, under all three treatments for both species. These results suggest that increases in sedimentation may constrain the success of the spore stages, but sediment does not seem to be a likely factor explaining species-specific distribution patterns. However, while sedimentation affected spores of both species similarly, timing of spore release in relation to times of maximum sediment load in the water might differ for different species, possibly explaining kelp species distribution patterns.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.87-95
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• 2012

In this study, the following conclusions were obtained from an investigation of the effect of the simulation time step on the simulation results of the two-dimensional, vertically averaged sediment transport model SED2D and an analysis of the deposited sediment distribution in suspended sediments of reservoirs according to grain size. The simulation time step has a significant effect on the deposited sediment distribution in a reservoir. In particular, if the simulation time step is set to be excessively large, physically invalid results are obtained. Additionally, in order to determine an appropriate simulation time step for SED2D, the selection of a simulation time step that will allow the analysis of the suspended sediment concentration profile at the main points of the simulation domain is necessary. The deposited sediment distribution in a reservoir according to grain size, including suspended sediments of clay, silt, and sand, was successfully simulated. Such information will prove valuable in application to the establishment of efficient management and reduction measures of reservoir sediment deposits.

• Proceedings of the Korea Committee for Ocean Resources and Engineering Conference
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• 2002.10a
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• pp.45-50
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• 2002

This study presents a modeling method to predict fate of resuspended sediment in the development of deep-sea mineral resources. Resuspended deep-sea sediment during the development is considered a major environmental problem. In order to quantitatively analyze the resuspended sediment in the water column, particle size distribution (PSD) is considered an important factor. The model developed here includes PSD and coagulation process, as well as sedimentation process. Using the model, basic simulation was performed under representative environmental setting. The simulation showed the dynamics of change of particle size distribution for 50 m depth of water column up to 10 days of simulation time. Coagulation seemed an important factor in the fate of resuspended deep-sea sediment.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.3 no.4
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• pp.409-416
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• 1994

This study was Performed to evaluate the contents of heavy metals in water, sediment and soil of the 7 different sampling points along the West Nakdong river, The results were as follows: the concentrations of Zn, p, Pb, Cd, Mn, Cu and As in the sediment were 197.48, 551.85, 67.01, 2.54, 491.39, 42.95 and 10.52ppm, respectively. The concentrations of Zn, p, Pb, Cd, Mn, Cu and As in the soil was 83.32, 482.89, 17.15, 1.02, 226.02, 26.15 and 7.29ppm, respectively. The concentration ratios of heavy metals In the water to the sediment were 593 - 12700 (Cd >> Cu > Zn > Mn > As > Pb) and that of the water to the soil were 152 - 5100 (Cu > Cd > Zn > Mn > As >Pb). The correlation coefficients of Cu and Pb weve high among the water, sediment and soil. Because the accumulation amounts of heavy metal in the sediment were high, the concentration of heavy metals in the sediment was higher than in soil. The correlation coefficient of heavy metals among water, sediment and soil was high (0.79 - 0.95). Key Words Distribution Characteristics, heavy metals, West Nakdong River.

• Water Engineering Research
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.261-268
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• 2001

This study presents the estimation of the entrainment velocity of sediment particles from the scour hole. Sediment particles are entrained from the scour hole downstream of hydraulic structures by the turbulent vortices. Mathematical form of the entrainment velocity of sediment particles from the scour hole was obtained using the impulse-momentum equation with given value of the vertical component of turbulent velocity of the line vortex. Also, its probability density distribution was obtained with the results that the probability density distribution of the vertical turbulent velocity followed the normal distribution. Experimental results of the entrainment velocity of sediment particles showed relatively good agreements with theoretical ones.