• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.223-230
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• 1996

Five measurements of species diversity (richness index, diversity index, evenness index, dominance index and species sequences-importance curve) and their relationships with sltitude, tree age and community type were studied in $T\v{o}gyusan$ National Park, Korea. Altitude and tree age were the major variables explaining the differences of species diversity in the whole forest. Species richness index, diversity index and evenness index of Quercus mongolica and Pinus densiflora communities were lower than those of Carpinus laxiflora, Q. serrata, Fraxinus mandshurica, Q. mongolica - P. densiflora communities than that in the other communities. The species sequence-importance curve of the forest communities in $T\v{o}gyusan$ coincided with the ideal curve calculated by the lognormal-distribution theory.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.17-22
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• 2011

Based upon the vegetation data of woody plants by plot sampling method in the natural deciduous forest of Mt. Jeombong, the study was carried out to examine importance value, rank abundance curve, and species abundance curve, and comparatively evaluate seven different species diversity indices for Shannon-Wiener index, Simpson index, McIntosh index, Log series, Margalef index, Berger-Parker index, and species richness, according to topographic positions. The minimal area which meant only few more species were increased was 3.48 ha in total. The dominant species of valley were Carpinus cordata, Acer pseudo-sieboldianum, Quercus mongolica, Acer mono, and Abies holophylla, and the dominant species of mid-slope were Quercus mongolica, Acer pseudo-sieboldianum, Carpinus cordata, Tilia amurensis, and Fraxinus rhynchophylla. Moreover, the dominant species of ridge were Quercus mongolica, Acer pseudo-sieboldianum, Tilia amurensis, Fraxinus rhynchophylla, and Acer mono. According to rank abundance curve and species abundance curve, species evenness was also low. All of Log series, species richness, Margalef, and Shannon-Wiener index discriminated that valley had the highest diversity, and ridge had the lowest diversity; but, Simpson index, McIntosh index, and Berger-Parker index represented that mid-slope had the highest diversity, and ridge had the lowest diversity. Uniquely, in Berger-Parker index, mid-slope was the higher value than total.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.127-134
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• 2011

The purpose of the study was to assess and compare the diversity of plant species (trees, shrubs, herbs) of natural forest and plantations. A total of 52 plant species were recorded in the natural forest, of which 16 were trees, 15 were shrubs and 21 were herbs. On the contrary, 31 species of plants including 11 trees, 8 shrubs and 12 herbs were identified in plantation forest. Shannon-Wiener diversity index were 2.70, 2.72 and 3.12 for trees, shrubs and herbs respectively in the natural forest. However, it was 2.35 for tree species, 2.31 for shrub species and 2.81 for herb species in the plantation forest. Jaccard's similarity index showed that 71% species of trees, 44% species of shrubs and 43% species of herbs were same in plantations and natural forest.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.322-330
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• 2014

This study was conducted during May to September in 2012 to investigate the distribution and diversity of beetles in Mt. Jangsan (634 m) located near Busan, Republic of Korea. The collection of beetles was repeated 11 times in the four areas classified according to altitudes 200 m, 400 m, 600 m, and over 600 m (approximately) on the south and north slopes of Mt. Jangsan. A total of 12 families, 20 species, and 4,343 individual beetles were collected. In the southern slopes, a total of 12 families, 20 species, and 2,264 individuals were collected, whereas a total of 12 families, 20 species, and 2,079 individuals on the northern slopes were captured. The monthly emergence of beetles was the highest in August at 651 individuals followed by 516 individuals in September, 496 individuals in July, 364 individuals in Jun, 237 individuals in May. In the northern slopes, the monthly emergence of beetles was the highest in August as 591 individuals followed by 512 individuals in September, 443 individuals in July, 321 individuals in June, and 212 individuals in May. On the southern slopes, the species diversity index, evenness index, and dominance value were 0.950, 0.730, and 0.181, respectively, while in the northern slopes, the species diversity index, evenness index, and dominance index were 0.946, 0.727, and 0.182, respectively. In the both slopes, the species diversity index and evenness index were the highest in May, while dominance index was the highest in September. This study lays the groundwork for further monitoring of these sites and others through the region for environmental changes using the indicator species.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2010

Species diversity is one of the most important specifications of biological societies. Diversity of organisms, measurement of variety and examination of those hypotheses that are about reasons of diversity are such as affairs that have been desired by the ecologists for a long time. In this research, diversity of plant species in forest region, numbers of 60 sample plots in 256.00 square meters have been considered in random - systematic inventory was considered. In each sample plot, four micro-plots in 2.25 square meters in order to study on herbal cover, were executed that totally 240 micro-plots were considered. At each plot six diversity indices in relation to physiographic factors (slope, geographical aspect and altitude from the sea level) were studied. The results indicate that species diversity is more in the northern direction and also species diversity in slops less than 30% has the most amounts. Factor of altitude from the sea level did not have meaningful relation with species diversity. Through study on correlation of the numbers of species in sample plots with indices and also process and role of indices in different processors of analysis, Simpson's reciprocal index was suggested as suitable index in this type of studies.

• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.1-5
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• 2007

Shannon and Simpson indexes are used for species diversity analysis of ecosystem. In species diversity analysis of ecosystem, not only frequency of each species but also survey size have to be considered. In this study, total information composed with knowledge and ignorance was suggested as a species diversity analysis method for ecosystem survey. To apply developed method, flora in the Sangachun river valley was sampled with 19 sites and 198 species. In applying results, Shannon index shows more reasonable results than Simpson index by the variance of sample size but has difficulties of determining the relation of surveying species number and sample site number. Suggested total information can overcome this difficulty by the relation of knowledge and ignorance.

• 한국균학회소식:학술대회논문집
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• 2014.05a
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• pp.19-19
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• 2014

This study included the analysis of mushroom data collected from Mt. Chiak in Gangwon-do using various methods. Former studies of Korean mushrooms are limited by regional characters and there is less species diversity among the regions. This study tried to find a way for the forecast of mushroom distribution and appearance by indexes of species diversity. The indexes used in this study include the number of fungi (N), the number of species (S), similarity index (C), richness index (R1, R2), variety index (V1, V2), evenness index (E1, E2, E3, E4, E5), and dominance index (D1) to analyze variety of species diversity. Analyses of data of fungi using a multistage cluster sampling indicate that the average value of C for years was higher than the average value of C for areas. The mushrooms consisted of 208 species in 686 individuals in limited fungal collection from 2002 to 2003. One hundred thirty nine species in 393 individuals were collected in 2002, and 122 species 293 individuals were collected in 2003. The individuals collected in 2003 were smaller than 2002's individuals. Similarity, richness, and variety indexes' values of 2003 were reduced than 2002's values but dominance index of 2003 was increased than 2002's value. Generally the species diversity of the environment to evaluate the index of similarity, richness, and variety was a higher index; dominance index was lower than that of the surrounding environment, suggesting a good diversity. As a result, the occurrence of mushrooms in the surrounding environment and the various factors seem fell in 2002 compared to 2003. The majority genus of the limited fungal collection was Mycena genus in 63 individuals; the majority species was Laccaria laccata in 34 individuals. Ninety three species in 106 individuals were collected by the extended collection and the majority genus of the extended collection was Amanita genus in 17 individuals; the majority species was Amanita citrina (Schaeff.) Pers. which was found in 5 individuals. This demonstrates that periodical similarity's value was 0.159 is higher than special similarity's 0.119. This indicates that the probability of the appearance of same mushrooms in the same area in following year is higher than the probability of the appearance of same mushrooms in the surrounding area in same year. The value of coefficient of variation (CV), in which the amount of change is much or less by N is higher than the CV value by S. CV value of dominance index(D) was the highest r point among other indexes, and evenness index (E) was the lowest point among other indexes. The correlation matrix with 66 combinations between the indexes, the combinations with correlations was 46 combinations. These results revealed that indexes of R1, V2, and E1 were proper to represent species diversity of fungi based on the correlation matrix and the theory of statistical independence which means there is no or less mutual association. This research would contribute to the study about variable living creature by measuring method and in the future this would be used to figure out regulation about fungi with their correlation, values in ecosystem, develop improving new models about agricultural fungi species and numbers by investigating agricultural variable species.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.167-176
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• 1995

A study on phytoplankton community was carried out from June, 1992 to May, 1993 at selected stations in Hoedong Reservoir. The phytoplankton are identified as 176 taxa including 5 phylum, 67 genera. The important species in this reservoir were Asterionella formosa, C meneghiniana, Dictyosphaerium plilchellum, Fragilaria crotonensis, Melosira distans, M grantulata, M. granulata var. angustissima, M. granulate var. angntissima f. spirdis, Micractinium pussillum, Microcystis aeruginosa, Pundorina morn, Pediastrum boryanum, P. duplex, Peridinium sp., Scenedesmus quadriauda, Synedra acus, S. rumpens and S. ulna. The causative species of water bloom were identified as Microcystis aeruginsa, Trahellomonas hispida, Ceratium hirwdinella, Peridinium sp., Melosira italica, Staurastrum dorsidentiferum var. onatum in the area. During the study periods standing crcps of phytoplankton were maximum in August, 1992 and minimum in December 1992. The species dominance index and diversity index were ranged 24.7-99.9, 0.001-3.06, respectively. Key Words : phytoplankton community, causative species of water bloom, standing crops. dominance index, species diversity index.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.1-15
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• 2011

The present study was undertaken in middle altitudinal (1500 to 2500 masl) moist temperate forest of Mandal-Chopta area in the Garhwal region of Uttarakhand, India. The aim of the present study was to assess the variation in species composition and diversity in different vegetation layers viz. herb, shrub and tree, at different altitudes. Shannon-Wiener diversity index ($\bar{H}$), $Nha^{-1}$, total basal cover per hectare (G), Simpson concentration of dominance, Pielou Equitability, species richness (SR), Margalef index, Menheink index of species richness and ${\beta}$-diversity were calculated to understand community composition. Tree G ranged from 84.25 to 35.08 $m^2ha^{-1}$ and total stem density varied from 990 to 1470 Nha-1. Total SR (herb, shrub and trees) among different forest types ranged between 31 and 58. Maximum G of herb and shrub layers was recorded at lower altitudes between 1500 and 1650 masl. ${\beta}$-diversity was higher in herb layers as compared to tree and shrub layers. Dominance-diversity curves were also drawn to ascertain resource apportionment among various species in different forest types. Values of species diversity, $\bar{H}$, $Nha^{-1}$ and G were higher in the study area as compared to similar forests growing in other parts of Uttarakhand Himalaya.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.163-170
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• 2003

Seosan A, B area is located on 36°42' of north parallel and 126°27' of east longitude. It consisted of broad artificial lakes and reclaimed agricultural lands; there is Ganwalho lake in A area and Bunamho lake in B area. Total birds surveyed four times in 2001 at the A area are 105,580 of 11 orders, 28 families, 89 species. Among them, resident species were 21 species including Pica pica. Twenty species including Cuculus canorus were summer migrants, and 30 species including Platalea leucorodia were winter migrants. Seventeen species including Limosa limosa were occasionally species. And Rostratula benghalensis was an unconfirmed species. Species diversity index (H') was 0.72; species equally common index (e/sup H'/) was 2.06. In January, maximum observed 102,121 individuals. However in July 52 species were observed most variously. There were total 81,152 birds observed with 11 orders, 22 families, and 71 species at the B area. Fifteen species including Falco tinnumculus were resident species. Summer migrants were 18 species including Ixobychus sinensis. Winter migrants were 25 species including Ciconia boyciana. Thirteen species including Tringa glareola were occasionally species. Species diversity index (H') was 0.281; species equally common index (e/sup H'/) was 1.325. In January, maximum observed 78,433 individuals. However in Silly 42 species were observed most variously.