• Proceedings of the Materials Research Society of Korea Conference
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• 2007.11a
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• pp.157.2-157.2
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• 2007

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.428-434
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• 2010

The spice combinations for substitute of salty taste were developed for reducing sodium intakes in home cooking. The seventeen materials, which have been known as remedy effects for hypertension, were collected and blended based on descriptive sensory evaluation and principal component analysis. Four types of spice combinations such as nutty, umami and salty, hot and sour, and multi attribute were developed as substitutes of salty taste. The developed spice combinations were applied to mackerel meat instead of salt. Consumer acceptance of mackerel meat with spice combinations was analyzed using hedonic nine point scale by 54 panelists. As the sensory evaluation results, the consumer acceptance value of the spice combinations for substitute of salty taste with hot and sour attribute was the highest value as 6.4, whereas that of the salt was 3.1. Also, the fish and rancid flavor were the lower values in the salt free spice blends than those of salt. The spice combinations for substitute of salty taste 5% and NaCl 1%, as a control, were spread on mackerel meat and incubated at $30^{\circ}C$ for 0, 24, and 48 hours. The TBA values of the spice combinations for substitute of salty taste were shown as a half and/or one third values of salt. As the result, the spice combinations for substitute of salty taste with reducing undesirable flavor could be used in home cooking instead of salt.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.57-62
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• 1990

Many alloplastic materials have been used as the bony substitute in large bony defects caused by fracture, periodontitis, & cyst, etc. Nowadays Hydroxyapatite(HAP) is the most usable material as the bony substitute. The reasonable properties of HAP are nontoxic, biocompatible to host tissues & have osteoconductivity. Other bioceramic materials are recommended as the bony substitute with high success rate. We have studied the clinical use of HAP as the bony substitute in the defected area caused by cyst. The reasonalbe & successful results are obtained. The results were as followed. 1. Better prognosis was obtained in the case of HAP & bone mixed graft than HAP graft only. And the best prognosis was obtained in the case of iliac bone graft. 2. Better prognosis was obtained in Mx. than in Mn. 3. It seems that the soft tissue ingrowth into the HAP granule play an important role in the success of the HAP graft. 4. Though the flap covering the HAP granules was perforated, the relative good prognosis was obtained by re-suturing the perforeated site.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.55
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• pp.3-32
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• 2012

CISG article 74 establishes the general formula applicable in all cases where an aggrieved party is entitled to recover damages. It provides that damages for breach of contract comprise all losses, including loss of profits, caused by the breach, to the extent that these losses were foreseeable by the breaching party at the time the contract was concluded. An aggrieved party may claim under article 74 even if entitled to claim under article 75 or 76. The latter articles explicitly provide that an aggrieved party may recover additional damages under article 74. Articles 75 and 76 apply only in cases where the contract has been avoided. Article 75 measures damages concretely by reference to the price in a substitute transactions, while article 76 measures damages abstractly by reference to the current market price. Article 76 (1) provides that an aggrieved party may not calculate damages under article 76 if it has concluded a substitute transaction under article 75. If however, an aggrieved party concludes a substitute transaction for less than the contract quantity, both articles 75 and 76 may apply. Pursuant to article 77, damages recoverable under articles 74, 75 or 76 are reduced if it is established that the aggrieved party failed to mitigate losses. The reduction is the amount by which the loss should have been mitigated. Article 78 entitles a party to interest on the price and any other sum that is in arrears.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.370-379
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• 2016

This study investigated the physicochemical and sensory characteristics of Jeungpyun prepared with various levels of barley flour and Hizikia fusiformis powder. The pH, volume, and spreadability of the dough as well as the moisture content, color, texture, and sensory evaluation of Jeungpyun were analyzed. The results show that the pH of dough decreased in all sample groups with fermentation time and ultimately revealed a pH level ranging from 5.36~5.44. The spreadability of the dough significantly decreased as the substitute amount of barley flour increased; the sample group with 1% Hizikia fusiformis powder showed a significantly larger spreadability than the sample group with 2% Hizikia fusiformis powder (p<0.01). The moisture content of Jeungpyun significantly increased as the substitute amount of barley flour increased (p<0.01). Lightness and yellowness were reduced as the substitute amount of Hizikia fusiformis powder increased. In measuring texture, the 50% sample group with a high substitute rate of barley flour was observed to have high characteristics of hardness, gumminess, and chewiness. The results of the acceptance test show that the sample group with substituted 50% barley flour and added 2% Hizikia fusiformis powder had a higher acceptance than the sample group with 0% barley flour in terms of color, flavor, texture, and overall acceptance.

• Proceedings of the Korean Geotechical Society Conference
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• 2002.10a
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• pp.613-620
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• 2002

Sand Compaction Pile(SCP) is a soil improvement method that a sand charge is introduced into the pipe, and the pipe is withdrawn part away while the sand pile is compacted and its diameter is enlarged. The sand used in this method should be of good quality. In Korea, crushed stone and washed sea sand are used frequently in SCP. However, use of these materials is restricted because of environmental problem and deficiency of supply. In the copper smelting process, about 0.7 million tons of copper slag are produced in Korea. The range of particle size distribution of copper slag is from 0.15mm to 5mm, so it can be a substitute for sand, and the relatively high specific gravity compared with the sand, is its characteristic. Copper slag is hyaline and so stable environmentally that in foreign country, such as Japan, Germany etc., it is widely used in harbor, revetment and offshore structure construction works. Therefore, in this study, the several laboratory tests were peformed to evaluate the applicability of copper slag as a substitute for sand of SCP. From the mechanical property test, the characteristics of sand and copper slag were compared and analyzed, and from laboratory model test, the strength of composite ground was compared and analyzed by monitoring the stress and ground settlement of clay, SCP and copper slag compaction pile. Specially, this study focused on the application of copper slag as sand substitute in SCP pilot tests based on laboratory tests results.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.360-364
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• 2018

Asbestos has been banned in many countries but many countries, including developing countries, are still using asbestos or materials containing asbestos. Substitute materials have been studied and developed over a long period of time because of the hazards of asbestos, and many people have recently shown interest in the hazards of substitute materials. However, comprehensive information about the types of asbestos substitutes, their use and health hazards, and references for the protection for the health of workers is limited. The purpose of this study is to provide people in the related industries with information on the types and health hazards of fibrous materials that can be used as asbestos substitutes. According to the patent resources from the United States and Europe, fibrous materials have been used to develop asbestos-free products since before 1980. Recently, the health hazards of asbestos substitutes have been assessed and many additional researches are required. However, only some of the substitute materials have been assessed for health hazards, and health hazard data has not been sufficient in many cases. Therefore, efforts should be made to minimize workers' exposure to substitute materials that do not contain asbestos.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.10-21
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to investigate the housewives’ consumption pattern and preference of the Korean rice cake asa substitute for meal. The rate of housewives who had eaten rice cake as a substitute for meal were 75.30% and those who had not were 20.83%. Usually 62.03% of them ate rice cake for breakfast, and 34.21% did them within one time per a week. Reasons for eating rice cake for meal were investigated on ‘easy to eat(54.51%)’, ‘good taste (24.44%)’ and ‘healthy food(14.29%)’. The older housewives wanted healthy rice cake for meal and ate with tea and Kimchi(Dongchimi). The younger ones ate rice cake for meal with tea and milk. Thawing methods of frozen rice cake for meal were different between the older and the younger, respectively, steaming and using microwave. Kinds of rice cake as a substitute meal were Injeolmi(50.75%), Backsulgi(49.62%), Chaltteok (47.74%) and Yaksik(46.44).

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.50 no.5
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• pp.478-487
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• 2023

Background The outcome of alveolar grafting with synthetic bone substitute (Osteon III) in various bone defect volumes is highlighted. Methods A prospective study was accomplished on 55 patients (6-13 years of age) with unilateral alveolar bone cleft. Osteon III, consisting of hydroxyapatite and tricalcium phosphate, is used to reconstruct the defect. Alveolus defect diameter was calculated before surgery (V1), after 3 months (V2), and finally after 6 months (V3) postsurgery. In the t-test, a significant difference and correlation between V1, V2, and V3 are stated. A p-value of 0.01 is considered a significant difference between parameters. Results The degree of cleft is divided into three categories: small (9 cases), medium (20 patients), and large (26 cases).The bone volume of the clefted site is divided into three steps: volume 1: (mean 18.1091 mm³); step 2: after 3 months, volume 2 resembles the amount of unhealed defect (mean 0.5109 mm³); and the final bone volume assessment is made after 6 months (22.5455 mm³). Both show statistically significant differences in bone volume formation. Conclusion An alloplastic bone substitute can also be used as a graft material because of its unlimited bone retrieval. Osteon III can be used to reconstruct the alveolar cleft smoothly and effectively.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.38-53
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• 2014

This Study has conducted a survey on the usage status of traditional rice cake as a meal substitute and an analysis on the selection attributes affecting purchase targeting male and female adults over 20 years old living in Seoul area so as to acquire basic data for enhancement of service and quality, and product development to facilitate and generalize rice cake consumption as a meal substitute. The survey was conducted for around 7 days from September 23rd to 30th, 2013, and 250 effective copies of questionnaire were used for the final analysis. The research outcomes show no significant deviation in terms of demographical features such as gender, marital status, age range, average monthly income and housing type; but there was a meaningful deviation in university graduation. Also, it is shown that taste, freshness, and convenience of a store were considered in their purchase of traditional rice cake as a meal substitute. Therefore, it is expected that development of various products, available for meal substitutes, would generalize and vitalize the consumption of traditional rice cake.