• Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.106-117
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• 1992

In this study, the propagation behaviour and the closure phenomena of physically small surface cracks were investigated by the techinque of the Kikukawa-unloading elastic compliance method using a back face strain gage. The surface cracks initiated and propagated from notched specimens under constant amplitude bending load. The crack shape (aspect ratio) with approximately semi-circular at the early stage was changed to semi-elliptical as the cracks grew larger. The crack depth (a) could be expressed uniquenly by the crack length (c). The dependence of the crack propagation rate on the stress ratio R was strongly related in the lower ${\Delta}K$ range. The deceleration of the surface crack propagation rate was prominent in lower R during the crack length was small. When the propagation rate was rearranged with the effective stress intensity factor range ${\Delta}$K_{eff} the dependence of the crack propagation rate on the stress ratio R was found to be diminshed. These were caused by the crack closure phenomena that was most prominent at the lower propagation rate. The mechanism of crack closure phenomena was dominated by the plasticity-induced mechanism.

• Journal of Ocean Engineering and Technology
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.104-111
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• 1988

This paper deals with the micro-surface-cracks behavior on the unnotched smooth specimens of Type 304 stainless steel at $593^{\circ}C$ in air under creep and creep-fatigue conditions that have 10 mim and 1 min load holding times respectively. The behaviors of the micro-surface-cracks have been visualized by means of surface replica method and optical micro-photography. The quantitative characteristics of initiation, growth and coalescence of micro-surface-cracks have been investigated by observing and measuring the crack growth behaviors. some of the important results are as follows: Main crack initiates at grain boundary in the early stage(10 to 20%)of its life time and grows through coalescence and finally leads to fracture. The distribution of micro-surface-crack length, 2a, can be plotted against the composite Weibull distribution. The growth rate of the main crack can be plotted against the stress intensity factor, crack tip opering displacement and J integral.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.745-753
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• 2002

It is required to evaluate nondestructively the crack depth of surface-breaking cracks for the assurance of safety of structure. Optical generation of ultrasound produces well defined pulses with a repeatable frequency content, that are free of any mechanical resonances; they are broad band and are ideal for the measurement of attenuation and scattering over a wide frequency range. Self-calibrating surface signal transmission measurement is very sensitive and practical tool for surface-breaking crack depth. In this paper, the self-calibrating technique by laser-based ultrasound is used to evaluate the depth of surface-breaking crack of material. It is suggested that the relationship between the signal transmission and crack depth can be used as a practical model for predicting the surface-breaking crack depths from the signal transmission measured in structure.

• Transactions of Materials Processing
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.20-26
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• 2020

In the design of the metal forming processes, various types of ductile fracture criteria are used to predict crack initiation and to fabricate metallic products without any defects. However, the quantitative measurement method for determination of crack initiation is insufficient. It is very difficult to detect crack initiation in ductile metals with excellent deformability because no significant load drop is observed due to crack generation. In this study, the applicability of acoustic emission sensors, which are commonly used in facility diagnostics, to measure crack initiation during the metal forming process was analyzed. Cylindrical notch specimens were designed using the finite element method to induce a premature crack on the surface of pre heat-treated steel (ESW90) material. In addition, specimens with various notch angles and heights were prepared and compression tests were carried out. During the compression tests, acoustic emission signal on the dies and images of the surface of the notch specimen were recorded using an optical camera in real time. The experimental results revealed that the acoustic emission sensor can be used to detect crack initiation in ductile metals due to severe plastic deformation.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Manufacturing Process Engineers
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• v.11 no.5
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• pp.13-20
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• 2012

In order to clarify the effect of overload on crack growth behaviors, fatigue tests for overload were carried out for round plain specimens of SM45C steel. In the experiment, typical semi-elliptical crack shape was found and further crack growth behaviors were tested. Using three types of single overload fatigue tests, Crack growth retardation phenomenon were examined. The growth rate of surface crack(da/dN) during retardation period was analyzed in terms of ${\Delta}K$ and ${\Delta}K_{eff}$. On the growth rate of surface crack analyzed by ${\Delta}K$, the dependence of overload stress levels appears. However, on the growth rate by ${\Delta}K_{eff}$ obtained by Willenborg analysis, there is a non-liner relationship between da/dN and ${\Delta}K_{eff}$ with narrow scatter band.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.285-296
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• 2011

The plane crack-contact problem for an infinite elastic layer with two symmetric rectangular rigid stamps on its upper and lower surfaces is considered. The elastic layer having an internal crack parallel to its surfaces is subjected to two concentrated loads p on its upper and lower surfaces trough the rigid rectangular stamps and a pair of uniform compressive stress $p_0$ along the crack surface. It is assumed that the contact between the elastic layer and the rigid stamps is frictionless and the effect of the gravity force is neglected. The problem is reduced to a system of singular integral equations in which the derivative of the crack surface displacement and the contact pressures are unknown functions. The system of singular integral equations is solved numerically by making use of an appropriate Gauss-Chebyshev integration formula. Numerical results for stress-intensity factor, critical load factor, $\mathcal{Q}_c$, causing initial closure of the crack tip, the crack surface displacements and the contact stress distribution are presented and shown graphically for various dimensionless quantities.

• Journal of Ocean Engineering and Technology
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.20-28
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• 1997

The fatigue crack propagation properties and fatigue life of two kinds of Al body panel for automobile were examined experimentally by using the plate specimen and the single spot welding specimen. The fatigue limit of spot welding specimens was lower than that of a plate specimen. The fatigue limit was similar in two kinds of spot welding specimen. The shape and size of crack propagation were observed and measured on beach mark of fracture surface. The crack propagation of surface crack specimen showed almost same tendency to that of a thick plate as almost semi-elliptical. In spot welding specimen, the fatigue crack occurred in inside surface of nugget area was almost semi-elliptical. The crack growth rate can be explained using equation of stress intensity factors.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering
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• v.22 no.6 s.171
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• pp.159-167
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• 2005

This work focuses on the effects of crack free friction on Mode II stress intensity factors, $K_{II}$, for a vertical surface crack in a two-dimensional finite element model of TiN/steel subject to rolling contact. Results indicate that maximum $K_{II}$ values, which occur when the load is adjacent to the crack, may be significantly reduced in the presence of crack face friction. The reduction is more significant for thick coatings than for thin. Crack extension and increased layer thickness result in increased $K_{II}$ values. The effect of crack face friction on compressive $K_I$ values appears negligible. Comparative results are presented for $MoS_2/steel$ and diamond-like carbon(DLC)/Ti systems.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.53 no.4
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• pp.1250-1258
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• 2021

In this paper, the mechanical performance of cracked surface-coated Zircaloy cladding, which has different coating materials, coating thicknesses and initial crack lengths, has been investigated. By analyzing the stress field near the crack tip, the safety zone range of initial crack length has been decided. In order to determine whether the crack can propagate along the radial (r) or axial (z) directions, the energy release rate has been calculated. By comparing the energy release rate with fracture toughness of materials, we can divide the initial crack lengths into three zones: safety zone, discussion zone and danger zone. The results show that Cr is suitable coating material for the cladding with a thin coating while Fe-Cr-Al have a better fracture mechanical performance in the cladding with thick coating. The Si-coated and SiC-coated claddings are suitable for reactors with low power fuel elements. Conclusions in this paper can provide reference and guidance for the cladding design of nuclear fuel elements.

• Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.1116-1122
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• 2005

A finite element method was used to simulate the wave propagation of laser-generated ultrasound and its interaction with surface breaking cracks in an elastic material. Thermoelastic laser line source on the material surface was approximated as a shear dipole and loaded as nodal forces in the plane-strain finite element (FE) model. The shear dipole- FE model was tested for the generation of ultrasound on the surface with no defect. The model was found to generate the Rayleigh surface wave. The model was then extended to examine the interaction of laser generated ultrasound with surface-breaking cracks of various depths. The crack-scattered waves were monitored to size the crack depth. The proposed model clearly reproduced the experimentally observed features that can be used to characterize the presence of surface-breaking cracks.