• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
• /
• v.29 no.2
• /
• pp.110-119
• /
• 1998

Sa-Mul-Tang(SMT) consist of Rehmanniae Radix Preparata, Paeoniae Radix Alba, Cnidii Rhizoma and Angelicae Gigantis Radix. In L1210 cells-transplanted BALB/c mice, T-lymphocyte apoptosis, $CD8^+T_C$ cells population in thymocyte and nitric oxide production in macrophage were enhanced, but phagocytic activity was decreased. SMT suppressed T-lymphocyte apoptosis and enhanced CD^4+T_H$ cells population, but did not affect nitric oxide production and phagocytic activity in L1210 cells-transplanted mice. In antitumor drugs-injected mice, T-lymphocyte apoptosis was enhanced, but $CD4^+T_H/CD8^+T_C$, cells population and T-lymphocyte proliferation were decreased. SMT suppressed T-lymphocyte apoptosis, and enhanced $CD8^+T_C$ cells population, T-lymphocyte proliferation and phagocytic activity in vincristine-injected mice. These results suggest that SMT enhances T cell-mediated immunity in L1210 cell-transplanted mice, and enhances T cell-mediated immunity and phagocytic activity in vincristine-injected mice.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
• /
• v.25 no.11
• /
• pp.1185-1191
• /
• 1992

Cell mediated immunity is depressed following surgical procedure and the degree of immunosuppression is directly related to the magintude of the procedure, blood transfusion, and length of operation. So we would expect cardiac operations to be highly immunosuppressive, although little is konwn about their immunosuppressive effect. The nearly complete consumption of complement factors and decreased levels of IgM and IgG resulting in an impaired opsonizing capacity. Additionally, peripheral blood mononuclear cell counts including T-and B-lymphocytes and T-cell subsets are reduced. Depression of cell-mediated immunity following open-heart surgery is potentially detrimental because it could increase the susceptability of patients to viral and bacterial infection. We reviewed 20 patients after cardiac operation to search for changes in peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets. Lymphocyte subsets were measured by flow cytometer and the preoperative values of lymphocyte subsets were compared with those from the first, fourth, and seventh days after operation. After cardiac operation, total mumbers of T lymphocyte was severely depressed on the first postoperative day and returned to the preoperative level by the seventh day after operation. CD3, CD4, and CD8 lymphocytes were decreased on the first postoperative day and returned to the preoperative level by the seventh day also. There was four cases of wound infection and these patients had increased CD4 lympocyte and more decreased CD19 lymphocyte compared with the non-infected group. It is concluded from these data that cell-mediated immunity is significantly depressed for at least one week following open-heart surgery and this result was closely related to the postoperative infection.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
• /
• v.18 no.2
• /
• pp.317-340
• /
• 1993

This study was designed 1) to compare the distributions of periapical inflammatory cells and 2) to identify lymphocytes and compare the lymphocyte distribution with T lymphocyte subpopulation and then 3) to examine the distribution of cycling cell in human dental periapical lesions. From each of the twenty-five human dental periapical lesions observed one small portion was fixed, embeded in paraffin, sectioned serially and stained with HE. The periapical inflammatory cells were counted to obtain the relative concentration of lymphocyte, plasma cell, macrophage and neutrophil. The large part of each lesion was analysed using Flow cytometer and monoclonal antibodies to obtain the relative concentration of T lymphocyte, B lymphocyte, T'helper cell and T suppressor/cytotoxic cell. In addition to that, seven human dental periapical lesions were examined with DNA analysis to observe the distribution of cycling cell. Following results were obtained: 1. 24 cases of the 32 periapical lesions examined were diagnosed as periapical granuloma and the remaining 8 cases as periapical cyst. Lymphocytes comprised 42.1% of total inflammatory cells in periapical granuloma and 41.8% in periapical cyst. Corresponding percentages for macrophages were 33.8% and 30.3%; for plasma cells, 15.9% and 19.0%; for neutrophils, 8.2% and 8.8%. 2. All of the periapical lesions examined had T lymphocyte, B lymphocyte, T helper cell, T suppressor/cytotoxic cell. And in all cases, T lymphocytes were observed predominantly more than B lymphocytes. 3. In 2 cases of the control group only T lymphocytes were found, and in the remaining 2 cases T lymphocytes were observed predominantly. 4. T helper cells were observed predominantly more than T suppressor/cytotoxic cells in all cases of perapical granulomas. 5. T suppressor/cytotoxic cells were observed predominantly more than T helper cells in 4 cases of periapical cysts (total 5 cases were examined) and only in one case T helper cells were more than T suppressor/cytotoxic cells. 6. In control group, T helper cells were predominant in 2 cases and T helper cells were equivalent to T suppressor/cytotoxic cells in one case. In remaining one case T suppressor/cytotoxic cells were predominant. 7. As the result of DNA analysis, the average proliferating indices of the various groups examined were measured as follows: in the control group 5.45%, in periapical granuloma 6.64%, in periapical cyst 10.1%. The highest index was observed in periapical cyst.

• The Korean Journal of Emergency Medical Services
• /
• v.5 no.1
• /
• pp.15-22
• /
• 2001

This study has measured the pulmonary function by treadmill test for 6 young women who were in twenties, and analyzed the respiratory-circulatory function and the change of hormone and immune response after performing the exercise program (60% severity) for 10 weeks. The results are as follows; 1. 10 weeks regular exercise made a decrease in weight and body fat proportion, and improved the respiratory-circular function by increasing the maximum oxygen absorption and ventilation. 2. 10 weeks regular exercise made a significant increase in count of WBC, lymphocyte, and T lymphocyte, but a significant decrease in B lymphocyte. NK cell also showed an increase in counts, but insignificant. 3. 10 weeks regular exercise made a significant increase in blood norepinephrine level. Epinephrine and cortisol also showed an increase in count, but insignificant. In summary, it suggested that 10 weeks regular exercise improves the immune function by decrease in body fat, increase in respiratory-circular function and metabolic efficiency, and also by raising Th/Ts ratio (an increase in count of WBC, lymphocyte, and T lymphocyte, but a decrease in suppressor T lymphocyte).

• Journal of Life Science
• /
• v.25 no.12
• /
• pp.1425-1431
• /
• 2015

The lymphocyte component of the immune system is divided into B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes. B lymphocytes produce antibodies (humoral immunity) via maturation into plasma cells, and T lymphocytes kill other cells or organisms (cellular immunity). A traditional immunological paradigm is that B lymphocyte and T lymphocyte interactions are a one-way phenomenon, with T lymphocytes helping to induce the terminal differentiation of B lymphocytes into immunoglobulin class-switched plasma cells. A deficiency of T lymphocytes was reported to result in defective B lymphocyte function. However, evidence for a reciprocal interaction between B and T lymphocytes is emerging, with B lymphocytes influencing the differentiation and effector function of T lymphocytes. For example, B lymphocytes have been shown to induce direct tolerance of antigen-specific CD8⁺ T lymphocytes and induce T lymphocytes anergy via transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) production. The present study showed that LPS-stimulated B lymphocytes inhibited the differentiation of Th1 lymphocytes by inhibiting the production of interleukin-12 (IL-12) from dendritic cells. An interaction between the B lymphocytes and dendritic cells was not needed for this inhibition, and the B lymphocytes did not alter dendritic cell maturation. B lymphocyte-derived soluble factor (BDSF) suppressed the LPS-induced IL-12p35 transcription in the dendritic cells. Overall, these results point to a novel B lymphocyte- mediated immune suppressive mechanism. The findings cast doubt on the traditional paradigm of immunological interactions involving B lymphocyte and T lymphocyte interactions.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
• /
• v.12 no.1
• /
• pp.211-230
• /
• 1998

Introduction The effects of Bojungikkitang on the immunosuppression induced by methotrexate in rats were investigated in this experiment. The multiple parameters of immunity assessed in. each rats includes the rate of body weight loss, weight changes in thymus, spleen and axillary lymphnode. The number of lymphocyte and CD4+ T cell count in blood, thymus, spleen and axillary lymphnode were also measured. Methodology Male Sprague-Dawley rats were chosen as an experiment object and were divided into 3 groups by a random selection. Each group consisted 6 rats. The normal group didn't receive any treatment. The control group was administered methotrexate for 4 days. The sample group was administered with both Bojungikkitang and methotrexate for 4 days. The dosage of medication was 2cc/day, 1cc given at 10AM and another 1cc given at 5PM. Results The rate of body weight loss was significantly decreased in the sample group. The weight of thymus was significantly increased in the sample group while the weight of spleen did not show much increase. Blood CD4+ T cell count, thymus lymphocyte count, thymus CD4+ T cell count, spleen lymphocyte count, spleen CD4+ T cell count and axillary lymph node CD4+ T cell count were significantly increased in the sample group while blood lymphocyte count and axillary lymphnode lymphocyte count did not show much increase. Conclusion As one can witness from the above results, administration of Bojungikkitang played potent role in increasing immune system among the rats treated with methotrexate which induces immunosuppression. Overall increase of lymphocyte count and CD4+ T cell count in the sample group with Bojungikkitang effectively proves its ability to boost the immune system.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
• /
• v.22 no.8
• /
• pp.1066-1076
• /
• 2012

Previous observations demonstrated that various immunosuppressive agents and their combination therapies can increase allograft survival rates. However, these treatments may have serious side effects and cannot substantially improve or prolong graft survival in acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). To improve the therapeutic potency of divalent immunoadhesins, we have constructed and produced several tetravalent forms of immunoadhesins comprising each of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA4), CD2, and lymphocyte activation gene-3 (LAG3). Flow cytometric and T cell proliferation analyses displayed that tetravalent immunoadhesins have a higher binding affinity and more potent efficacy than divalent immunoadhesins. Although all tetravalent immunoadhesins possess better efficacies, tetravalent forms of CTLA4-Ig and LAG3-Ig revealed higher inhibitory effects on T cell proliferation than tetravalent forms of TNFR2-Ig and CD2-Ig. In vitro mixed lymphocytes reaction (MLR) showed that combined treatment with tetravalent CTLA4-Ig and tetravalent LAG3-Ig was highly effective for inhibiting T cell proliferation in both human and murine allogeneic stimulation. In addition, both single tetravalent-form and combination treatments can prevent the lethality of murine acute GVHD. The results of this study demonstrated that co-blockade of the major histocompatibility complex class (MHC)II:T cell receptor (TCR) and CD28:B7 pathways by using tetravalent human LAG3-Ig and CTLA4-Ig synergistically prevented murine acute GVHD.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
• /
• v.48 no.4
• /
• pp.241-246
• /
• 2004

Mercury is a widespread metal and consequently there are large populations that currently exposed to low levels of mercury. Endotoxin is a component of the gram-negative bacteria and promotes inflammatory responses. The present study was designed to determine the impact of mercury on lymphocytes phenotype populations and endotoxin-induced inflammatory cytokine expressions in immune organ, spleen and thymus. Male BALB/c mice were exposed continuously to 0, 0.3, 1.5, 7.5, or 37.5 ppm of mercuric chloride in drinking water for 14 days and at the end of the treatment period, lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 0.5 mg/kg) was injected intraperitoneally 2 h prior to euthanasia. The dose-range of mercury used did not cause hepatotoxicity. Mercury at 7.5 and 37.5 ppm dose-dependently decreased CD3$^{+}$ T lymphocytes in spleen; both CD4$^{+}$ and CD8$^{+}$ single positive lymphocyte populations were decreased. Exposure to 7.5 and 37.5 ppm of mercury decreased the CD8$^{+}$ T lymphocyte population in the thymus, whereas double positive CD4$^{+}$ / CD8$^{+}$ and CD4$^{+}$ thymocytes were not altered. Mercury altered LPS-induced inflammatory cytokine gene expressions such as, tumor necrosis factor $\alpha$, interferon ${\gamma}$, and interleukin-12 in spleen and thymus. Results indicated that decreases in T lymphocyte populations in immune organs and altered cytokine gene expression may contribute to the immune-modulative effects of inorganic mercury.ganic mercury.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
• /
• v.10 no.2
• /
• pp.129-135
• /
• 1992

We studied the T lymphocyte and its subpopulation percentage change in 40 patients immediately after the radiation therapy. Study population consisted of 12 patients treated at the site of head and neck region,14 patients treated at the site of thoracic region, and 14 patients treated at the site of pelvic region. Twenty two patients received radiotherapy as radical modality, and remaining 18 patients received radiotherapy as postoperative modality. Immediately after radiotherapy, total T lymphocyte (T1) percentage was decreased from $56.4\%$ to $55.2\%$, helper T cell (T4) percentage was decreased from $36.4\%$ to $34.1\%$, but suppressor T lymphocyte (T8) percentage was increased from $23.5\%$ to $25.4\%$. As a result, T4/T8 ratio was decreased from 1.57 to 1.39. This study suggested that immediate change after radiotherapy of the T lymphocyte and its subpopulation percentage was not related to the treatment volume and the degree of helper T cell decrement was not pronounced by the radiation dose increment. Long-term follow-up study En larger scale is needed to determine long term changing pattern in T lymphocyte subpopulation and its relationship to the prognosis of patients.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
• /
• v.81 no.2
• /
• pp.132-137
• /
• 2018

Background: The pathophysiology of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) includes inflammation, oxidative stress, an imbalance of proteases and antiproteases and apoptosis which has been focused on lately. Abnormal apoptotic events have been demonstrated in both epithelial and endothelial cells, as well as in inflammatory cells including neutrophils and lymphocytes in the lungs of COPD patients. An increased propensity of activated T lymphocytes to undergo apoptosis has been observed in the peripheral blood of COPD patients. Therefore, the apoptosis of T lymphocytes without activating them was investigated in this study. Methods: Twelve control subjects, 21 stable COPD patients and 15 exacerbated COPD patients were recruited in the study. The T lymphocytes were isolated from the peripheral blood using magnetically activated cell sorting. Apoptosis of the T lymphocytes was assessed with flow cytometry using Annexin V and 7-aminoactinomycin D. Apoptosis of T lymphocytes at 24 hours after the cell culture was measured so that the T lymphocyte apoptosis among the control and the COPD patients could be compared. Results: Stable COPD patients had increased rates of $CD4^+$ T lymphocyte apoptosis at 24 hours after the cell culture, more than the $CD4^+$ T lymphocyte apoptosis which appeared in the control group, while the COPD patients with acute exacerbation had an amplified response of $CD4^+$ T lymphocyte apoptosis as well as of $CD8^+$ T lymphocyte apoptosis at 24 hours after the cell culture. Conclusion: Stable COPD patients have more apoptosis of $CD4^+$ T lymphocytes, which can be associated with the pathophysiology of COPD in stable conditions.