• The Korean Journal of Physiology
• /
• 제10권1호
• /
• pp.41-48
• /
• 1976

Tetrodotoxin (TTX) is the purified active principle responsible for tetrodon (Puffer-fish) poisoning which has long been known in the Orient. The pharmacological actions of TTX have been rather extensively investigated. Two of the most prominent effects of intravenousely administered TTX are severe hypotension and respiratory paralysis resulting from its depressant actions on tissues. This depressant actions of TTX in turn result from the selective inhibition of sodium-carrying mechanism which is essential to generation of the action potential. TTX differs from local anesthetics in that it does not affect potassium conductance. Although the mechanism of the hypotensive action of TTX remains a subject of controversy, most investigator agree that TTX-induced hypotension is caused by alteration in the blood vessels rather than the heart. Not only the study on the effects of TTX on cardiac function is meager but the results of reported works are often contradictory. The present study was undertaken to investigate the effect of TTX on the electrocardiogram of the rabbit and to compare them with well known electrocardiographical characteristics found in digitalis and quinidine intoxicated animals. The results obtained from the present study are summarized as follows. 1. No changes were found in P-R interval and QRS duration after i.v. administration of $1.0\;{\mu}g/kg\;to\;1.5\;{\mu}g/kg$ TTX to the animals. It is obvious that there were no conduction disturbance between atria and ventricles as well as in the ventricular tissue. 2. In $1.0\;{\mu}g/kg$ TTX group, S-T interval and T-P segment were not changed whereas marked changes were observed in $1.5\;{\mu}g/kg$ TTX group. 3. The first and second degree A-V blocks appeared in the $2.0\;{\mu}g/kg$ TTX group. 4. TTX differs from digitalis and quinidine in that it does not cause S-T interval depression and T-wave inversion. In contrast with digitalis, TTX caused Q-T interval prolongation.

• 조명전기설비학회논문지
• /
• 제23권12호
• /
• pp.58-65
• /
• 2009

최근 한국철도기술연구원이 개발한 한국형 틸팅열차(TTX) "한빛 200"은 현재 호남선, 중앙선, 충북선 그리고 태백선에서 시험 운행 중에 있다. 본 논문은 TTX가 기존선로에서 시험 운행하는 동안 TTX에 공급되는 전압을 계측 하여 각 기존선로에서 공급하는 전압의 상태를 분석하였다. TTX에 공급되는 전압을 직접 계측하기 위해 TTX의 판토그래프 밑단인 부분에 PT를 설치하여 변압기 1차측 전압을 계측하였다. 정확한 분석을 위해 계측 시 TTX외의 다른 열차와 교차 상황과 주변상황에 대해 기록하였으며, CBEMA 커브를 이용하여 가선전압 상태에 대한 분석을 하였다. 그 결과 호남선, 중앙선, 태백선 모두 정격전압(25[kV])의 110[%]이상의 전압이 200[s]이상 공급되는 구역도 있었으며 빈번하게 110[%]를 초과하고 있는 것으로 분석됐다. 특히 태백선의 가선전압의 상태가 가장 좋지 않은 것으로 분석됐다. 이렇게 가선전압 분석결과는 앞으로 중앙선 및 태백선에 상용화될 TTX의 동력장치 및 전력변환장치를 안정화하는데 도움이 될 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국식품영양학회지
• /
• 제9권4호
• /
• pp.361-365
• /
• 1996

인도네시아산 흰밀복 10마리와 중국산 황복 9마리의 근육, 껍질, 간장, 내장 및 난소 등의 조직별 독성을 조사하였다. 또한, 간장 독소성분을 Bio-gel P-2 컬럼 크로마토크래피로 분리하여 TLC, 전기영동, HPLC로 분석하였다. 흰 밀복의 간장은 무독하였고 내장은 무독 내지 약독으로 나타났고, 평균 독력은 각각 5.5$\pm$0.9와 11.8$\pm$4.2 MU/g이었다. 그리고 근육과 껍질부위의 평균독력은 각각 3.0$\pm$0.8과 2.2$\pm$0.1 MU/g이었다. 황복의 부위별 독성은 담즙, 난소, 정소 및 간장이 각각 9~200, 40~133, 13~186 및 6~210 MU/g으로 나타났다. 껍질 및 근육부위는 3~34 MU/g와 2~44 MU/g으로 비식용부위 보다는 낮았다. 각 부위의 유독개체 출현율은 난소(100%), 내장(100%), 담즙(89%), 간장(78%), 껍질(67%), 정소(33%) 및 근육(11%)의 순서로 나타났다. 흰 밀복과 황복의 간장으로부터 분리한 독소는 TLC로 분석한 결과 TTX 및 anhydro-TTX로 동정되는 2개의 TTX spot을 검출하였고, 전기영동에서도 마찬가지 결과를 얻었다. 또한, HPLC의 분석결과와 TTX와 anhydro-TTX와 같은 위치의 피크를 나타냈다. 황복은 표준물질 TTX, 4-epi-TTX 및 anh-TTX의 세 피크를 나타냈다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
• /
• 제37권5호
• /
• pp.612-617
• /
• 2008

우리나라 남해안 연안에 서식하는 복섬(Takifugu niphobles) 간장의 TTX유도체들을 활성탄 칼럼을 이용하여 부분 정제하고, Hydrophilic Interaction Liquid Chromatography(HILIC)를 사용한 LC/MS(SIM mode)로 분석하였으며, pH와 가열 조건에 따른 독성 변화를 조사하고 복섬 fillet으로 복국 조리시 독성의 분포를 조사하였다. 복섬 간장의 독성분은 LC/MS에 의하여 7개의 성분이 분석되었으며, 각 성분의 함량과 조성은 5,6,11-trideoxyTTX(34.0%, 1,029.6nmol/g), 6,11-dideoxyTTX(29.3%, 887.6 nmol/g), TTX (22.1%, 667.8 nmol/g), 4,9-anhydroTTX(11.2%, 339.3nmol/g), 11-deoxyTTX＋5-deoxyTTX(2.6%, 78.6 nmol/g), 4-epiTTX(0.8%, 23.6 nmol/g), 5,6,11-trideoxyTTX(34.0%), 6,11-dideoxyTTX(29.3%), TTX(22.1%), 4,9-anhydroTTX (11.2%), 4-epiTTX(0.8%)이었다. 복섬 간장 추출물 희석액의 독성은 pH에 따라 크게 변하여 pH 3에서 8.4 MU/mL로 최고의 독성을 나타내었고, 알칼리로 갈수록 독성이 감소하여 pH 10에서는 pH 3의 1/7(1.4 MU/mL)을 나타내었다. 각각의 pH(pH 5, 7, 9)에서 $80^{\circ}C,\;100^{\circ}C,\;115^{\circ}C$를 유지하며 가열 시 온도는 높을수록, 시간은 길수록 독성은 감소하였다. 특히, 산성이나 중성에서는 독성이 완만하게 감소하는 경향을 보였으나, 알칼리 영역인 pH 9에서는 가열 10분 후에 $80^{\circ}C$의 경우라도 최초 독성(79 MU/mL)이 1/2 이하로 급격히 감소하였으며, $115^{\circ}C$에서는 완전 소멸하였다. 복섬 개체별 fillet 중의 총 독량은 $43.2{\sim}106.7$ MU로 개체에 따라서 2.5배까지 독량의 차이를 나타내었으며, 복섬 가식부에 3배량의 물을 가하여 10분간 끓일 경우 총 독량의 $64{\sim}78%$는 국물 중으로 용출되어 나와 육에 남아있는 것보다 독성이 강하였다.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
• /
• 제11권2호
• /
• pp.23-31
• /
• 1977

It is Proposed in the Present study to investigate the effects of TTX intravenously or intrahypothalamically administered on the arterial blood pressure and respiration and also to explorc effect of intrahypothalamically administered TTX on the pressor responses to electrical stimulation in the hypothalamus. The results obtained are as follows; 1) The pressor responses to electrical stimulation in the hypothalamus were markedly reduced after administration of TTX. In the $0.01\;{\mu}g/kg$ of TTX administered group, the pressor responses were almost abolished in 6 minutes and there was no tendency toward recovery throughout the experiment. 2) In $0.01\;{\mu}g/kg$ of TTX administered group, the mean arterial blood pressure and heart rate-were gradually reduced while there was a transient increase in respiratory rate followed by slow recovery thereafter. On the other hand no changes in arterial blood pressure, heart rate an4 respiration were observed in $0.005\;{\mu}g/kg$ TTX administered group. 3) Following intravenous administration of $1\;{\mu}g/kg$ TTX, the arterial blood pressure and heart rate were slowly reduced by 60 minutes while no marked changes were found in respiration. From the results of present study it is strongly suggested that TTX exerts its depressant effect not only on peripheral nerves but also on central nervous system.

• 생명과학회지
• /
• 제9권6호
• /
• pp.653-658
• /
• 1999

A novel marine microorganism, Vibrio sp. YE-101, was isolated from pufferfish and investigated for its ability to synthesize tetrodotoxin (TTX). Various strains isolated from the intestine of pufferfish were grown on TCBS agar plate, and then cultured on Ocean Research Institute (ORI) medium supplemented with 3% NaCl at 23$^{\circ}C$ for 3days. The cells were harvested, disrupted, fractionated by Bio-Gel P-2 column chromatography and then TTX-producing strain, Vibrio sp. YE-101, was identified using mouse bioassay. The isolated TTX from Vibrio sp. YE-101 was also analyzed and identified by HPLC and gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC-MS). The mass fragmentation of trimethylsilyl derivatives of C9-base of TTX from Vibrio sp. YE-101 was interpreted and the pattern of fragmentation was same with that of authentic standard. The purfied TTX was also positive to the mouse bioassay, which clearly represents that Vibrio sp. YE-101 can synthesize TTX.

• 한국철도학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국철도학회 2005년도 춘계학술대회 논문집
• /
• pp.138-143
• /
• 2005

In this study, the cross-wind stability of the G7 train and TTX running under the high speed was investigated by using 2-dimensional Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes equations. It is very important to analysis the aerodynamic characteristic of bluff body located near a ground at the field of the aeronautical, wind engineering, ground vehicle system. To the point of running stability, it is meaningful to analysis the cross-wind effect to the G7 train and TTX developed by domestic technology. The aerodynamic characteristics of the G7 train equipped by bogie-cover is more superior to the case without bogie-cover. Also 2nd model of TTX has stream-shape body has the more good performance than 1st model of TTX.

• 한국전산유체공학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국전산유체공학회 2005년도 춘계 학술대회논문집
• /
• pp.109-113
• /
• 2005

Recently, the weight of train is decreased by using the light material for improvement in energy efficiency. And the length of whole train is more increased for mass transportation of passengers and cargo. However, decrease of the weight and increase of the length of train can cause the train to be overturned or derailed by strong crosswind. In case of Korean Tilting Train eXpress (TTX), the situation can be more severe. TTX will be developed for a quasi-high speed train at 200km/h speed rate and operated on the existing tracks. Moreover, the weight of TTX will be much less than that of conventional train. It is supposed that TTX will be very sensitive to crosswind. In this paper, numerical analysis is used to investigate aerodynamic characteristics around TTX and obtain the induced lateral force by crosswind. After calculating derailment coefficient and overturning coefficient using numerical results, the crosswind safety of TTX is judged. This paper will be good data for judging crosswind safety of TTX.

• 한국복합재료학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국복합재료학회 2005년도 추계학술발표대회 논문집
• /
• pp.247-250
• /
• 2005

This study has evaluated the analysis results for the under structure of Korean tilting train(TTX). TTX has many equipments which are attached below the composite carbody. Loads due to equipments on the under structure are very complex and various types as operating condition. So applied loads are considered weight of equipments and acceleration. From the analysis, the structural safety of under structure was assessed.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
• /
• 제24권11호
• /
• pp.360-369
• /
• 2021

Paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) and tetrodotoxin (TTX) are neurotoxins that display pharmacological activity that is similar to that of specific sodium channel blockers; they are the principle toxins involved in shellfish and puffer fish poisoning. In Korea, puffer fish is a very popular seafood, and several cases of accidental poisoning by TTX have been reported. Therefore, it is necessary to determine whether puffer fish poisoning incidents are caused by PSTs or by TTX. In this study, we used mouse bioassay (MBA) and liquid chromatograph-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to determine the presence of PSTs and TTX in puffer fish from an area near Mireuk-do, Tong-Yeong on the southern coast of Korea from January through March, 2014. The toxicity of PSTs and TTX extracts prepared from three organs of each specimen was analyzed by MBA. Most of the extracts killed mice with typical signs of TTX and PSTs. The LC-MS/MS analysis of seven specimens of Takifugu pardalis and Takifugu niphobles, each divided into muscles, intestines, and liver, were examined for TTX. In T. pardalis, the TTX levels were within the range of 1.3-1.6 ㎍/g in the muscles, 18.8-49.8 ㎍/g in the intestines, and 23.3-96.8 ㎍/g in the liver. In T. niphobles, the TTX levels were within the range of 2.0-4.5 ㎍/g in the muscles, 23.9-71.5 ㎍/g in the intestines, and 28.1-114.8 ㎍/g in the liver. Additionally, the toxicity profile of the detected PSTs revealed that dcGTX3 was the major component in T. pardalis and T. niphobles. When PSTs were calculated as saxitoxin equivalents the levels were all less than 0.5 ㎍/g, which is below the permitted maximum standard of 0.8 ㎍/g. These findings indicate that the toxicity of T. pardalis and T. niphobles from the southern coast of Korea is due mainly to TTX and that PSTs do not exert an effect.