• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.231-245
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• 2022

Purpose - The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of book-tax conformity on conforming tax avoidance and non-conforming tax avoidance. Design/methodology/approach - This study uses financial data from 1996 to 2019 of 34 countries. We regress conforming or non-conforming tax avoidance on book-tax conformity. We use the book-tax conformity measure developed by Atwood et al. (2010), the non-conforming tax avoidance measure developed by Desai and Dharmapala (2006), and the conforming tax avoidance measure developed by Badertscher et al. (2019). Findings - First, book-tax conformity has a significant positive relationship with non-conforming tax avoidance. Second, book-tax conformity is not statistically related to conforming tax avoidance. Research implications or Originality - While prior research focuses on the effect of book-tax conformity on earnings quality, we examine on the effect on tax avoidance. Furthermore, this study is expected to provide important policy implications regarding the types of tax avoidance strategies that tax authorities should pay attention to. Our results imply that tax authorities in countries with high book-tax conformity should pay more attention to non-conforming tax avoidance than to conforming tax avoidance.

• Management & Information Systems Review
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• v.17
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• pp.45-65
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• 2005

The purpose of this study is to contribute to a fundamental prevention of tax avoidance behaviors by individual businesses. For the purpose, this researcher surveyed factors surveyed individual business managers' disposition(type) of tax avoidance to determine factors influencing the avoidance, and proposed direction for further studies. Several hypotheses suggested here were verified to find that factors such as tax system, tax psychology, tax knowledge, social culture and the expectation of tax avoidance had effects on individual businesses' disposition of such avoidance. The multiple regression analysis made here showed that such factors as tax psychology, tax system and the expectation of tax avoidance affected the disposition of such avoidance and that the disposition was most influenced by tax system, followed by the expectation of tax avoidance and tax psychology in order. In conclusion, factors that have positive relations with tax avoidance, or tax burden and tax administration and those that have negative relations, or tax ethics and sanction are not helpful to preventing the avoidance. This is not consistent with previous results. Now behaviors of tax avoidance by individual businesses are prevailing and becoming more serious. In this sense, objective measurement devices should be developed to make possible further scientific studies about such behaviors. For the development, support by appropriate policies is needed.

• Management & Information Systems Review
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.79-96
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• 2010

The purpose of this study is to investigate factors that affect corporate CEOs' tax avoidance, ultimately helping find how to fundamentally prevent the avoidance, establish a tax system that ensures tax payers' compliance and revise tax laws and regulations in a positive way. For the purpose, this researcher surveyed corporate CEOs with a questionnaire that contained many questions of various types, which was developed based on previous studies. Findings of the study can be summarized as follows. Main factors affecting tax avoidance were the application of tax provisions, the ability to understand tax laws and the expectation of tax avoidance. The more corporate CEOs' were influenced by the first and the third factors, the higher their propensity for tax avoidance was. On the contrast, corporate CEOs were lower in propensity for tax avoidance when they were more able to understand tax laws. Regarding the three factors' relative influences, tax avoidance was most affected by the expectation of tax avoidance, followed by the ability to understand tax laws and the application of tax provisions in order. Meanwhile, a multi-regression analysis using the sequential deletion technique showed that tax avoidance were affected by the application of tax provisions and the expectation of tax avoidance and that tax avoidance was most influenced by the application of tax provisions, followed by the expectation of tax avoidance. These findings indicate that the degree of corporate CEOs' tax avoidance may vary depending on social and environmental changes that their business face. Meanwhile, positive factors such as tax-bearing capacity and the procedure of tax calculation and negative factors such as management ethics and tax authorities' regulation are all thought to be not helping prevent tax avoidance.

• Journal of Korea Trade
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.74-92
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• 2021

Purpose - Utilizing a large sample of Korean firms, this study examines international diversification impacts on corporate tax avoidance and whether firms affiliated with large business groups (known in Korean as "chaebol") reinforce the relationship between international diversification and tax avoidance. Design/methodology - This paper hypothesizes that 1) international diversification is likely to increase tax avoidance, 2) the positive effect of international diversification on tax avoidance is likely to be more pronounced for chaebol firms. We examine the hypotheses by using Korean firms listed in the Korean stock market between 2011 and 2016. We employ the number of foreign subsidiaries and the entropy index as proxies for international diversification and CASH ETR and GAAP ETR as proxies for tax avoidance. Findings - Our findings are summarized as follows. First, we have found that as firms are more internationally diversified, tax avoidance increases. It means that international diversification can be employed as a method of reducing the tax burden. Second, firms affiliated with chaebol are strengthened by the positive relation between international diversification and tax avoidance. It is interpreted that chaebol firms have more effective opportunities to reduce taxes than other firms. When entering foreign markets, they can share experience and resources to decrease taxation within the large business group. Originality/value - This study provides empirical evidence regarding the tax effect of international diversification. Unlike prior studies, international diversification is positively related to tax avoidance in Korea. In addition, we present additional evidence on the chaebol effects of international diversification on tax avoidance, in which they have an advantage to reduce taxes using transfer pricing through related party transactions, income shifting to low tax rate countries, and establishing subsidiaries in tax havens.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.83-89
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• 2023

Purpose: This paper considers the issue of corporate tax avoidance (CTA) in the distribution of the tax burden across companies in Vietnam because the high level of CTA leads to unfairness in taxation. In particular, we aim for discussing the way to measure the extent of CTA and explore the determinants of CTA that reflect the features of high-tax risk-taking companies. Research design, data and methodology: The study investigates factors influencing the CTA behavior of legal entities listed on the Vietnam stock market between 2012 and 2018 to fill the empirical research vacuum in the country. we employ the dynamic GMM estimate method. Interestingly, CTA is considered through three approaches, including two effective-tax-rate-based methods and especially accrual earnings Results: The results highlight tax - accounting book disparities have significant effects on CTA. In addition, firm size, net asset value, debt leverage, and tax-accounting books are related to CTA. Conclusions: Tax avoidance is shown to have a positive correlation with financial distress in this case. The higher a company's capital adequacy ratio, the fewer tax avoidance opportunities it has. The paper draws some recommendations to deal with tax avoidance that improves the fairness in the distribution of the tax burden among corporations.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.1016-1035
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• 2023

Corporate tax avoidance has been the subject of international debate since the Enron scandal and has raised awareness of the need for greater transparency in financial markets. Efforts have been made to strengthen financial reporting requirements and meet the needs of investors and other stakeholders, including digitalization of financial reporting through Extensible Business Reporting Language (XBRL). This study examines the impact of the mandatory adoption of XBRL on corporate tax avoidance. We tested our predictions using a panel dataset of Indonesian firms listed on the IDX stock exchange. Based on available information in the DATASTREAM database covering the 2013-2017 period, we used two proxies for tax avoidance i.e., GAAP effective tax rate and current effective tax rate. We estimated multiple regression model including industry and year fixed effects. The results show that XBRL implementation has reduced corporate tax avoidance. These findings suggest that improving corporate transparency through XBRL could play a deterrent tool to corporate tax avoidance. The results of this study should be useful to tax authorities and accounting standard setters supporting the benefits of digitalizing financial reporting and continuing to complete XBRL taxonomies around the world.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.103-112
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• 2022

This study aims to obtain empirical evidence regarding the link between tax avoidance (TA) and the readability of financial statements. This is a quantitative research using Ordinary Least Squares regression analysis which is then processed using STATA 14.0. A total of 278 companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange during the period 2017-2019 is the data of this study. In detecting TA in a company, this study uses the ETR and CashETR and for the measurement of financial statement readability, this study uses gunning fog index and length of the document. The findings of this study suggest that tax avoidance and clear financial statements are mutually exclusive in the sense that when tax avoidance is practiced, companies will tend to conceal the information conveyed by financial statements. In other words, it is concluded that the more a company engages in tax avoidance, the lower the readability of the company's financial statements. This study provides in-depth evidence that tax avoidance is indirectly related to the disclosure of information by the company. Users of financial statements will realize that the company seeks to make disclosures that are in their best interests to avoid their tax avoidance strategy being detected.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.217-227
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• 2021

This study aims to examine the effect of institutional ownership, independent board of commissioners, audit committee, and profitability (RNOA) on tax avoidance in banking companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange over the 2014-2018 period. The sampling method employed in this study was the cluster sampling method. The population was all banking companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange for the period 2014-2018. The sample selection results using the purposive sampling method during the observation includes 209 companies that published complete annual reports and their financial report notes as of December 31, 2018. The results revealed that institutional ownership and independent board of commissioners did not affect profitability. Profitability also did not affect tax avoidance. Further findings showed that institutional ownership and audit committee positively affect tax avoidance. From the result of Sobel test, this study indicated that profitability cannot mediate the effect of institutional ownership, independent board of commissioners, and audit committee on tax avoidance. This study has succeeded in proving empirically that there was a significant effect of the audit committee on profitability, institutional ownership on tax avoidance, and the audit committee on tax avoidance. Therefore, this study supports the agency theory and the research model from previous studies.

• Korea Trade Review
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.131-148
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• 2021

This study examines how corporate social responsibility (CSR) affects corporate tax avoidance behavior. Using a sample of publicly listed U.S. firms, we find that legal CSR-which is required by law-reduces the level of corporate tax avoidance because this type of CSR reduces information asymmetry between investors and corporate management in such a way that investors are less likely to perceive tax avoidance behavior as a risk. On the other hand, we find that the relationship between normative CSR-which is a voluntary type of CSR behavior-and tax avoidance is not statistically significant. Instead, our additional analysis reveals that normative CSR increases the level of corporate tax avoidance conditional on reporting quality. This study provides meaningful implications to the academic literature and to practitioners. Not only does this study highlight the fact that not all CSR are alike, it highlights that it is important to provide transparent CSR information in order to allow stakeholders to estimate the net effects of firms' CSR activities and tax payment.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.45-52
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• 2019

The current study aims to investigate the relationship between tax avoidance and firm risk in an emerging market called Iran. The study population consists of 400 observations and 80 companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange (TSE) over a five-year period during 2012 and 2016. The statistical model used in this study is a multivariate regression model; besides, the statistical technique used to test the hypotheses proposed in this research is panel data. The results showed that low effective tax rate (tax avoidance) is more consistent than the higher effective tax rate. Moreover, there is no significant relationship between tax avoidance and future tax rate volatility. The findings also proved that lower effective tax rates are positively associated with future stock price volatility. This implies that since Iranian firms have many financial problems because of economic sanctions, they have a tendency to delay the disclosure of bad news about their firms. Needless to say, when a huge number of negative news reaches its peak, they immediately will enter the market and lead to a remarkable fluctuation in stock prices.