• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.266-271
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• 2017

Synthetic cannabinoids are one of most abused new psychoactive substances. The recreational use of abused drug has aroused serious concerns about the consequences of these drugs on infection. However, the effects of synthetic cannabinoid on resistance to tetanus toxin are not fully understood yet. In the present study, we aimed to determine if the administration of synthetic cannabinoids increase the susceptibility to tetanus toxin-induced motor behavioral deficit and functional changes in cerebellar neurons in mice. Furthermore, we measured T lymphocytes marker levels, such as CD8 and CD4 which against tetanus toxin. JWH-210 administration decreased expression levels of T cell activators including cluster of differentiation (CD) $3{\varepsilon}$, $CD3{\gamma}$, CD74p31, and CD74p41. In addition, we demonstrated that JWH-210 induced motor impairment and decrement of vesicle-associated membrane proteins 2 levels in the cerebellum of mice treated with tetanus toxin. Furthermore, cerebellar glutamatergic neuronal homeostasis was hampered by JWH-210 administration, as evidenced by increased glutamate concentration levels in the cerebellum. These results suggest that JWH-210 may increase the vulnerability to tetanus toxin via the regulation of immune function.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.1-6
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• 2013

Tetanus is a specific infectious disease, which is often associated with catastrophic events such as earthquakes, traumas, and war wounds. The obligate anaerobe Clostridium tetani is the pathogen that causes tetanus. Once the infection of tetanus progresses to an advanced stage within the wounds of limbs, the rates of amputation and mortality increase manifold. Therefore, it is necessary to devise a rapid and sensitive point-of-care detection method for C. tetani so as to ensure an early diagnosis and clinical treatment of tetanus. In this study, we developed a detection method for C. tetani using loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay, wherein the C. tetani tetanus toxin gene was used as the target gene. The method was highly specific and sensitive, with a detection limit of 10 colony forming units (CFU)/ml, and allowed quantitative analysis. While detecting C. tetani in clinical samples, it was found that the LAMP results completely agreed with those of the traditional API 20A anaerobic bacteria identification test. As compared with the traditional API test and PCR assay, LAMP detection of C. tetani is simple and rapid, and the results can be identified through naked-eye observation. Therefore, it is an ideal and rapid point-of-care testing method for tetanus.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• 제32권6호
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• pp.544-558
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• 2006

Trismus is a common problem to most people experiencing at once in his or her life and to most dental practitioners experiencing frequently. It has a number of potential causes which are single factor or complex factors. Its treatment will depend on the cause. The purpose of this study was to discuss the causes of trismus condition and the various treatments available. This study was made by reviewing of collected data from 86 patients complained of trismus among patients who were diagnosed by TMD, tumor, infection including tetanus, soft tissue anomalies, bony fracture and ankylosis from Jan 2002 to Dec 2004 on department of oral and maxillofacial surgery at Pusan National University Hospital, South Korea. The clinical reviews regarding chief complaints, clinical characteristics, diagnostic examination, treatments and the results on the patients were given as follows. 1. The etiology of trismus commonly were derived from temporomandibular joint(TMJ) disorder, TMJ ankylosis, TMJ tumor, odontogenic maxillofacial infection, mandibular condylar fracture, tetanus. 2. The chief complaints of trismus patients were progressive mouth opening limitation, TMJ pain, malocclusion, facial asymmetry, retrognathic state. 3. Especially, for the differential diagnosis between the fibrous ankylosis and true bony ankylosis, computed tomogram (CT) was useful. Surgical gap arthroplasty on bony ankylosis patients was applied and the gain of mouth opening after operation was average 35.8 mm during 19 months. 4. The tetanus, rarely, also induced the trismus with the range of mouth opening less than 10 mm. The average serum level of tetanus anti-toxin was 0.02-0.04 IU/mL. The limitation of mouth opening was improved into average 38 mm on 4 weeks after injection of 10,000 units of tetanus immune globulin. 5. In the treatment of osteochondroma, TMD, odontogenic infection and fracture, and the others inducing trismus, to obtian the maximum result and decreased inadequate time and effort, it is important to finding the causes from the exact clinical examination and diagnosis.

• Osong Public Health and Research Perspectives
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• 제9권6호
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• pp.363-363
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• 2018

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제50권4호
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• pp.355-362
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• 2007

목 적 : 3가 항원 DTaP 백신을 3회 기초 접종 받은 건강한 국내 영아에서 면역원성 및 안전성을 평가하고자 하였다. 방 법 : 2004년 4월부터 2005년 4월까지 5개 연구 참여 대학병원에서 제태기간 32주 이상에서 태어난 건강한 영아에게 생후 2, 4, 6개월에 3가 항원 DTaP 백신($Infanrix^{(R)}$)을 대퇴부 전외측에 접종하여 접종 전 혈청과 3차 접종 1개월 후 혈청에서 디프테리아, 파상풍, PT, FHA, PRN 항원에 대한 항체를 측정하여 면역원성을 평가하였고, 접종 후 3일 내에 발생이 예상되는 국소 및 전신 이상반응을 적극 관찰하였고 3주내에 발생한 모든 이상반응을 관찰하여 안전성 평가를 실시하였다. 한편, 2가 항원 DTaP 백신을 접종 받은 14명을 대조군으로 설정하여 연구군과 동일한 방법으로 면역원성을 평가하여 비교하였다. 결 과 : 60명에서 실시된 연구군의 면역원성 평가에서 디프테리아, 파상풍, FHA, PRN 항원에 대한 항체 양전율은 100%이었고, PT 항원에 대한 항체 양전율은 98.3%이었다. 한편 대조군에서 디프테리아, 파상풍, PT, FHA 항원에 대한 항체 양전율은 100%이었으나 PRN 항원에 대한 항체 양전율은 50%이었다. 147명에서 확인된 이상반응 평가에서 연구 기간동안 연구 백신과 인과관계가 있는 중증 이상반응은 없었고, 3일 내에 특이한 치료 및 처치가 없이 자연 소멸되는 국소 및 전신 이상반응만 관찰되었으며 접종 차수별 이상반응의 증가도 없었다. 결 론 : 이상의 결과를 볼 때에 3가 항원 DTaP 백신($Infanrix^{(R)}$)은 국내 영아 기초 접종에 유효한 백신임을 확인할 수 있었고, 국내에서 가장 많이 사용되고 있는 2가 DTaP 백신에 비해 PRN항원에 대한 항체의 면역원성이 높은 이점이 있음을 확인하였다. 그러나 향후 더욱 많은 대상을 통한 연구가 이루어져 이런 결과를 재입증하여야 할 것이고, 추가 접종에 대한 동일한 연구도 요구된다.

• BMB Reports
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• 제39권6호
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• pp.696-702
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• 2006

Recently three proteins, playing central roles in the bidirectional transport of urate in renal proximal tubules, were identified: two members of the organic anion transporter (OAT) family, OAT1 and OAT3, and a protein that designated renal urate-anion exchanger (URAT1). Antibodies against these transporters are very important for investigating their expressions and functions. With the cytokine gene as a molecular adjuvant, genetic immunization-based antibody production offers several advantages including high specificity and high recognition to the native protein compared with current methods. We fused high antigenicity fragments of the three transporters to the plasmids pBQAP-TT containing T-cell epitopes and flanking regions from tetanus toxin, respectively. Gene gun immunization with these recombinant plasmids and two other adjuvant plasmids, which express granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor and FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand, induced high level immunoglobulin G antibodies, respectively. The native corresponding proteins of URAT1, OAT1 and OAT3, in human kidney can be recognized by their specific antibodies, respectively, with Western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry. Besides, URAT1 expression in Xenopus oocytes can also be recognized by its corresponding antibody with immuno-fluorescence. The successful production of the antibodies has provided an important tool for the study of UA transporters.