• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.454-461
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• 2017

The Four Major Rivers Restoration Project was the multi-purpose green growth project on the four major rivers in South Korea. However, the Four Major Rivers Project has attracted significant criticism from various social groups and wider international groups, e.g. Friends of the Earth. This study reviews the four river restoration project from the standpoint of an evolutionary process of water paradigms. It reveals that the project has achieved its intended purpose yet, suggesting to apply some valuable lessons in the consideration of the integrated watershed management system. Finally, it urges to introduce tentatively named "Basic law on Water Management" preceded by enacting ordinances at local level, because it'll help us find out ways ahead for the Integrated Water law.

• Review of Korea Contents Association
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.12-17
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• 2010

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Information and Commucation Sciences Conference
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• 2013.10a
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• pp.184-187
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• 2013

The Four Major Rivers Restoration Project of is the multi-purpose green growth project in South Korea. Some of the project was progressed by K-water and was declared complete on October 21, 2011. The Four Rivers Restoration Project of Korea was designed to be a packaged project that aims to resolve water-related problems such as floods and droughts and revitalize Korean public spaces near the water. K-water have applied the latest ICT(Information and Communication Technology) for the operating management of 4 Rivers Project facilities. We also have applied ICT for integrating drinking water production facilities. Applying these ICT, we have many experience for integrated water resources management, so we proposed. The first is that the big data collected should be analyzed for making decisions and taking actions while considering multiple viewpoints of how water should be managed. The second is that the new MMI(Man Machine Interface) program should be developed to use domestic needs and promote ease of maintenance for the integrated operation. The third is that the standardization of communication protocol is needed for seamless communication between equipments.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.159-164
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• 2013

The 4 major rivers restoration project (4RRP) requires the government to invest a lot of money. Regional economic effect is one of the main purposes of implementing the 4RRP. This paper attempts to measure the regional economic effects, focusing on regional employment-inducing effect and regional income-inducing effect. Regional employment-inducing effect is computed by excluding indirect effect and directly investigating the amount of employment. To this end, marginal propensity to consume, household consumption, household income should be derived. We used working day data and government expenditure multiplier to measure local employment creation and income generation. As a result, the project creates 46,628 employments from 2009 to 25 August 2011 and generates 25 trillion won regional income for three years.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.95-102
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• 2012

To evaluate the effect of the 4 major rivers restoration project in the Nakdong River to water quality of the river, the Environmental Fluid Dynamics Code (EFDC) and Water Quality Analysis Simulation Program (WASP), are applied in series. Results showed overall decrease in biochemical oxygen demand ($BOD_5$) concentrations and increase in chlorophyll-a concentrations, while total nitrogen and total phosphorous concentrations did not show significant changes, relatively. Decrease in $BOD_5$ concentrations seems to be influenced by an increased hydraulic residence time, which may allow more time for the degradation of organic material. Changes in Chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) concentration, due to the project were more significant for the upper stream areas that show relatively low Chl-a concentration ranges (less than 20 g/L). After the introduction of the Geumho River in the middle part of the Nakdong River, rapid growth of phytoplankton was observed. However, in this middle part of the Nakdong River, the ratio of Chl-a concentration change are less significant, compared to the upper stream areas, due to the project. In the lower stream area, Chl-a concentration decreased after the project. This seems to be resulted from the decreased light availability, due to increased depth, while the nutrient concentrations have been high enough to support phytoplankton growth.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.225-236
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• 2021

The master plan for the Four Rivers Restoration Project (June 2009) was devised, the procedure of pre-environmental review (June 2009) and environmental impact assessment (Nov. 2009), and post-environmental impact survey were implemented, and 4 times audits also inspected. and finally the Ministry of Environment's Four Rivers Investigation and Evaluation Planning Committee proposed the dismantling or partial dismantling of the five weirs of the Geum River and Yeongsan River. But controversies and conflicts are still ongoing. Therefore, this study intend to reestablish the management plan for the four major rivers by reviewing and analyzing the process so far. The results are as follows. First, a cost-benefit analysis should be performed by comparing the water quality impact of weir operation and weir opening. Therefore, it is inevitably difficult to conduct cost-benefit analysis. Second, according to the results of cost-benefit analysis on the dismantling of the Geum River and the Yeongsan River, the dismantling of the weir and the regular sluice gate opening was decided. However, there is a problem in the validity of the decision to dismantle the weir because the cost-benefit analysis for maintaining the weir is not carried out. Third, looking at the change in water quality of 16 weirs before and after the Four Major Rivers Restoration Project, COD and Chl-a were generally deteriorated, and BOD, SS, T-N, and T-P improved. However, in the cost-benefit analysis related to water quality at the time of weir dismantling, only COD items were targeted. Therefore, the cost of BOD, SS, T-N, and T-P items improved after the project were not reflected in the cost-benefit analysis of dismantling weirs, so the water quality benefits were exaggerated. Fourth, in the case of Gongju weir and Juksan weir, most of them are movable weirs, so opening the weir alone can have the same effect as dismantling when the water quality deteriorates. Since the same effect can be expected, there is little need to dismantle the weirs. Fifth, in order to respond to frequent droughts and floods, it is desirable to secure the agricultural water supply capacity to the drought areas upstream of the four majorrivers by constructing a waterway connected to the weir. At present it is necessary to keep weirs rather than dismantling them.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2011.05a
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• pp.373-373
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• 2011

Korean Government has been promoting Four River Restoration Project (i.e., Han, Geum, Nakdong, and Yeongsan rivers) since the second half of 2008. This project is expected to protect against floods and droughts by water resources management. Many researchers have study water resources management, but most studies were focused on direct runoff. However, in order to efficiently protect against floods and droughts, baseflow should be studied as well as direct runoff. Because baseflow has a great effect on streamflow, it needs to be correctly analyzed. For more accurate analysis of baseflow, direct runoff and baseflow from streamflow should be separated first. In this study, 12 flow gauging stations of four major rivers were selected, and flow data from them were obtained (2004-2010) through WAMIS and Web-based SWAT Bflow system (http://www.envsys.co.kr/~swatbflow) which was used to separate direct runoff and baseflow. Baseflow values of Pass 2 in SWAT Bflow system were used. As a result of this study, baseflow contribution was ranged from 23.4% to 68.6% and accounted for about 50% of streamflow. Through this study, it shows that in the case of the flow fluctuation, baseflow is more affected than direct runoff by changes in streamflow in a flood or dry season. Thus, baseflow estimation should not be overlooked for efficient water resources management. However, it has a limitation in this study that because this study used to select randomly 12 flow gauging stations, it did not show a common tendency on each watershed. It is important that flow gauging stations reflected on topographic characteristics of each watershed should be selected in a rigorous manner for further reliable and accurate baseflow estimation on four major rivers.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.247-261
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• 2013

The Youngsan River Restoration Project(YRRP) is to bring back the original appearance of the stream and to create a new waterfront. This project, which id part of the Four Major Rivers Restoration Project, began in 2009, and Juksan and Seungchon beams was completed, and waterway of Youngsan river also was constructed. Both sides of the river, bike trails, waterfront park of 70 places, including the composition and the amenities were installed. The purpose of this study is to analyze the useage behaviors and satisfaction on visitors of waterfront parks in Yeongsan River. Many visitors visit waterfront in order to walking and biking, there were many people who visit family and hobbyists club units. Visitors showed a relatively high level of satisfaction about the waterfront in the new composition such as bike trails, walking roads, and ecological parks created by the YRRP. However, the major problems was the lack of amenities in the waterfront.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.16 no.10
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• pp.7089-7097
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• 2015

Bed changes in the Nakdong River were analyzed with long-term monitoring data for analyzing riverbed change patterns after Four Major Rivers Restoration Project (FMRRP). Also, possible long-term bed changes were predicted using one-dimensional numerical model for the section where the largest change was observed after FMRRP. The sensitive analysis was performed with different incoming sediment discharge conditions and sediment transport equations. The numerical model was calibrated by comparing short-term monitoring data and simulated results, and was applied for predicting bed change after 10 years. As a result of monitoring data analysis, the largest change in bed elevation occurred at the section between the Changnyeong-Haman and Hapcheon-Changnyeong weirs. The result of one-dimensional numerical modeling for 10 years indicated that maximum depositions of 2.07 m and 3.26 m were produced in this section.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.55-63
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• 2019

The Four Major Rivers Restoration Project started in 2009 and completed in early 2013 is a large-scale inter-ministry SOC project investing ₩22.2 $10^{12}$ and one of the Project's objectives was to enhance the water-quality grade through recovering the river eco-system and environment. The average concentration and probability distribution of water-quality constituents at given and selected sampling sites are very significant elements for analyzing and controlling the water-quality of rivers or reservoirs effectively. Average concentration can be estimated by point estimator, distribution function of water-quality constituents or Bootstrap method, in which the distribution function estimated with more data in case of insufficient dataset, is applied. Ipo and Gangcheon water-quality monitoring stations in South Han River were selected to compare and analyze the variation of concentration before and after Ipo and Gangcheon Weirs construction, using the whole 4-year's data, from 2005 to 2008 and from 2014 to 2017. Water-quality constituents such as BOD and COD relating to oxygen demanding wastes and TP and Chlorophyll-a relating to the process of nutrient enrichment called eutrophication were also selected. The guidelines for water-quality control and management after weir construction including evaluation of water-quality constituents' variations can be presented by this paper.