• Ocean and Polar Research
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• 제37권4호
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• pp.341-356
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• 2015

A nation has a sovereign right to develop and use its natural resources according to its policies with regard to development and the relevant environment. A nation also has an obligation not to harm other countries or damage environments of neighboring countries as consequences of such actions of developments or use of natural resources. However, international precedents induce a nation to take additional actions not to cause more damages from the specific acts causing environmental damages beyond national borders, when such acts have economic and social importance. That is to say that there is a tendency to resolve such issues in a way to promote the balance between the mutual interests by allowing such actions to continue. A solution to China's Three Gorges Dam dilemma based on a soft law approach is more credible than relying on a good faith approach of national responsibilities and international legal proceedings since the construction and operation of the dam falls within the category of exercising national sovereign rights. If a large scale construction project such as the Three Gorges Dam or operation of a nuclear power plant causes or may cause environmental damage beyond the border of a nation engaged in such an undertaking, countries affected by this undertaking should jointly monitor the environmental effects in a spirit of cooperation rather than trying to stop the construction and should seek cooperative solutions of mutual understanding to establish measures to prevent further damages. If China's Three Gorges Dam construction and operation cause or contain the possibility of causing serious damages to marine environment, China cannot set aside its national responsibility to meet international obligations if China is aware of or knows about the damage that has occurred or may occur but fail to prevent, minimize, reverse or eliminate additional chances of such damages, or fails to put in place measures in order to prevent the recurrence of such damages. However, Korea must be able to prove a causal relationship between the relevant actions and resulting damages if it is to raise objections to the construction or request certain damage-prevention actions against crucial adverse effects on the marine environment out of respect for China's right to develop resources and acts of use thereof. Therefore, it is essential to cumulate continuous monitoring and evaluations information pertaining to marine environmental changes and impacts or responses of affected waters as well as acquisition of scientific baseline data with observed changes in such baseline. As China has adopted a somewhat nonchalant attitude toward taking adequate actions to protect against marine pollution risks or adverse effects caused by the construction and operation of China's Three Gorges Dam, there is a need to persuade China to adopt a more active stance and become involved in the monitoring and co-investigation of the Yellow Sea in order to protect the marine environment. Moreover, there is a need to build a regular environmental monitoring system that includes the evaluation of environmental effects beyond borders. The Espoo Convention can serve as a mechanism to ease potential conflicts of national interest in the Northeast Asian waters where political and historical sensitivities are acute. Especially, the recent diplomatic policy advanced by Korea and China can be implemented as an important example of gentle cooperation as the policy tool of choice is based on regional cooperation or cooperation between different regions.

• 한국측량학회지
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.375-384
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• 2009

2002년 3월에 발사되어 현재까지 임무 수행중인 GRACE위성의 관측자료는 극지방 빙하의 융해, 빙하 지각균형 조정, 해수면 변화, 하천유역의 저수량변화, 대규모 지진 등 지구시스템의 질량재분배에 대한 연구에 활발히 이용되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 GRACE위성의 Level-2 월별 중력장 모델을 이용하여 2002년 8월부터 2009년 1월 사이 양자강유역의 육지저수량 변화를 분석하였으며, 특히는 2003년, 2006년 및 2008년에 수행된 삼협댐의 3단계 저수과정에 의한 삼협댐 지역에서의 중력변화를 등가수분두께로 계산하여 살펴보았다. 연구결과, 연구기간 내의 양자강유역은 뚜렷한 연변화와 계절변화를 나타내었으며, 연변화의 진폭은 2.3cm로 계산되었다. 또한, 실제 수자원통계자료 및 수문관측자료와의 비교를 통하여 GRACE위성자료 이용 가능성을 확인하였으며, 이는 향후 위성중력자료를 이용하여 하천유역 내에서의 물의 이동 및 주기적인 변화 연구에 큰 도움이 될 것으로 판단된다.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.193-204
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• 2007

In order to find out the annual variations in the marine ecosystem of the East China Sea, temperature, salinity, nutrients, chlorophyll-a, suspended solids, and suspended particulate organic carbon were extensively investigated in the northern East China Sea during the Summer of 2003 and 2006. During the Summer of 2003, the northern East China Sea was not significantly affected by the input of fresh waters from the Changjiang River. During the Summer of 2006, however, fresh waters of the Changjiang River intruded into the western part of the study area where temperature, nitrate, and phosphate in the surface waters were higher than in the other areas, and salinity, silicate, and suspended solids in the surface waters were lower. As a result of the increase in nitrate and phosphate concentrations, concentrations of chlorophyll-a and suspended particulate organic carbon increased in the western part compared with the other areas. However, the depth-integrated chlorophyll-a concentrations measured during the Summer of 2003 were rather similar to those during the Summer of 2006, and not considerably different from those measured in the East China sea during the Summer of 1994 and 1998. Therefore, the depth-integrated chlorophyll-a concentrations have not significantly changed in the East China Sea over the last 12 years. The lower concentrations of silicate and suspended solids in the western part may be related to construction of the Three-Gorges Dam since the concentrations of silicate and suspended solids in fresh waters of the Changjiang River have significantly decreased after construction of the Three-Gorges Dam in June 2003.

• Journal of the korean society of oceanography
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• 제37권3호
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• pp.125-133
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• 2002

Water and salt budgets in the Yellow Sea and Bohai are analyzed based on the historical data and CTD data collected recently using box models. The amounts of volume transport and of water exchange across the boundary between the Yellow and East China Seas are estimated to be 2,330-2,840 $\textrm{km}^3$/yr and 109-133 $\textrm{km}^3$/yr, respectively, from the one-layer box model. Corresponding water residence time is 5-6 years. In the Bohai, water residence time is twice as long as that in the Yellow Sea, suggesting that the Yellow Sea and Bohai cannot be considered as a single system in the view of water and salt budgets. The results indicate that water and salt budgets in the Yellow Sea depend almost only on the water exchange between the Yellow and East China Seas. The computation with the coupled two-layer model shows that water residence time is slightly decreased to 4-5 years for the Yellow Sea. In order to reduce uncertainties for the budgeting results the amount of the discharge from the Changjiang that enters into the Yellow Sea, the vertical advection and vertical mixing fluxes across the layer interface have to be quantified. The decreasing trend of the annual Yellow River outflow is likely to result that water residence time is much longer than the current state, especially for the Bohai. The completion of the Three Gorges dam on the Changjiang may be change the water and salt budgets in the Yellow Sea. It is expected that cutting back the discharge from the Changjiang by 10% through the dam would increase water residence time by about 10%.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.251-263
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• 2005

In order to study changes in the marine ecosystem of the East China Sea derived by the global warming and construction of the Three Gorges Dam in the middle of the Changjiang, temperature, salinity, nutrients, and chlorophyll-a were studied intensively in the northern part of the East China Sea during the summer of 2003 and spring of 2004. According to the previous studies, the upwelling of the Kuroshio Current and the Changjiang resulted in a major inputs of nutrients in the East China Sea, but these two inputs may not contribute gently to a build up of nutrients in the northern East China Sea. In spring, relatively high concentrations of nitrates and phosphates were observed in the western part of the study area, which resulted from the supply of high concentrations of nutrients showing up in the surface waters as a result of vertical mixing from the ocean bottom. The concentrations of nitrates and phosphates observed in summer were lower than those in spring, since the surface waters were well stratified by the larger discharge of fresh water from the Changjiang in summer. The surface nitrate/phosphate ratios ranged from 1.3 to 16 in spring and from 1.1 to 15 in summer and were lower than the Redfield ratio of 16, indicating that the growth of phytoplankton is limited by nitrogen. This results are contrary to the previous results, in which the growth of phytoplankton was limited by phosphate in the East China Sea. The reason for this contrary result is that most nutrients in the surface waters are supplied by vertical mixing from the bottom waters with low nitrate/phosphate ratios, not directly influenced by the Changjiang with high nitrate/phosphate ratios. The depth-integrated chlorophyll observed in summer was similar to the previous results, but those measured in spring were almost twice as high as those found in previous results. The depth-integrated chlorophyll in spring was higher than that of summer, which results from high concentrations of nitrates and phosphates in the surface waters in spring due to active vertical mixing.

• 한국해양환경ㆍ에너지학회지
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.133-142
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• 2009

2009년으로 예정된 산샤댐 완공 후 인근해역에 대한 장강 유출수의 영향을 예측하기 위해 라듐 동위원소의 방사능비($^{228}Ra/^{226}Ra$)와 염분을 이용하여 북부 동중국해의 표층수를 쿠로시오수(Kuroshio Water; KW), 동중국해수(East China Sea Water; ECSW), 장강수(Changjiang Water; CW)등 세가지 단성분 수괴로 나누고, 세 단성분 사이의 혼합비를 추정하였다. 2005년 11월에 동중국해 북부해역의 32개 정점(조사선 '탐구3호'), 2006년 7월에 20개 정점(조사선 '해양 2000호'), 2006년 8월에 17개 정점(조사선 '이어도호')에서 표층해수의 시료 각 300 L씩을 망간섬유에 통과시켜 라듐을 농축하였고, $Ba(Ra)SO_4$형태로 공침된 라듐 동위원소를 감마선 분광분석법으로 측정하였다. 라듐 동위원소 방사능비와 염분을 이용하여 추정된 세 단성분의 혼합비는 풍수기에 장강수가 약 1-23%, 쿠로시오수가 0-30 %, 동중국해수는 58-100% 사이에 분포하였다. 여름철 인공위성 이미지에서 장강수 플룸이 동쪽으로 향하는 것이 관찰되듯, 이 연구에서도 장강수 혼합비가 동쪽으로 갈수록 감소하는 것이 관찰되는데 이는 이 지역에 여름에 우세한 남동계절풍에 의한 표층수의 엑크만 수송 때문이라고 생각된다. 갈수기에는 연구해역의 표층수에 장강수가 거의 포함되지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 장강수의 혼합비가 증가할수록 용존 무기질소의 농도가 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 이는 용존 무기질소의 주 공급원이 장강수임을 의미하며, 혼합곡선이 제거의 형태를 보이는 것은 장강수가 인근 해수와 혼합시에 식물플랑크톤의 섭취 같은 생물작용에 의하여 질산염이 소모되는 것으로 설명할 수 있다.

• 한국해양환경ㆍ에너지학회지
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.189-206
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• 2015

우리나라 주변해역의 해양환경에 밀접한 영향이 있는 동중국해 북부해역의 해양환경 특성을 이해하기 위하여 해양환경 인자의 장기변동 양상을 파악하여 동중국해 북부해역의 해양특성을 구명하기 위하여 연구를 수행하였다. 조사 방법은 1995년부터 2014년까지 20년간 계절에 따라 국립수산과학원 한국해양자료센터(KODC : Korea Oceanographic Data Center)의 동중국해 북부해역의 해양조사 자료(수온, 염분, 용존산소, 영양염, 엽록소-a)를 이용하였다. 연구기간 동안 동중국해 북부해역에 영향을 미치는 주요 수괴는 장강희석수, 대만난류수, 황해저층냉수, 쿠로시오 기원수로 구분되었다. 표층과 아표층에 형성되는 장강희석수와 대만난류수는 20년간 세력이 약화되었으며, 중층에 형성되는 쿠로시오 기원수의 세기는 현저히 감소하는 추세를 나타내었다. 그러나 황해저층냉수는 세력이 확장되는 추세를 나타내었다. 인산염과 규산염은 감소하는 추세였으며 인산염은 2009년 이후 표층에서 고갈되는 양상을 나타내었다. 이러한 원인으로는 장강희석수와 대만난류수를 통해 유입되는 영양염의 농도가 낮기 때문인 것으로 판단된다. 엽록소-a의 농도는 연구기간 동안 증가하는 경향을 나타냈으며 이러한 원인은 수온증가와 황해저층냉수로부터 영양염 공급, 샨샤댐 건설에 의한 부유물질 감소에 따른 광투과 증가의 영향으로 판단된다.