• Journal of the Architectural Institute of Korea Planning & Design
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• v.35 no.11
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• pp.117-128
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• 2019

The necessity of the Toi-Maru has increased greatly in order to enter to the building or to move conveniently in the building after the mid-Joseon period, when the combination of On-dol Ma-ru began to be universally used. According to this process, the 3-Dori type upper structure is thought to have undergone the typological changed by securing a more stable space of Toi-Maru In cases where a relatively large girder was used, it is often the case that the space is divided using a pillar to place a Toi-Maru on the front. However, it is difficult to find a case where the width of the Toi-Maru exceeds 1meter due to its structural limit. The type that made additional Toi-girder to overcome the spatial constraint of this structure and replaced the method of former typology after Mid-Jpseon period. In case of 5-Dori type, Toi-Maru installed in between high post and Toi post in early period. In these type, the width of Toi-Maru was subordinated by the location of milled Dori of roof structure and sometimes it became too excessive. 5-Dori type with Pyon-ju occurred to overcome these restriction between the width of Toi-Maru and the location of milled Dori of roof structure. Not a few remains of Mid-Jpseon period keeping the evidences of changing process of roof structure provoked by Toi-Maru installation. The consistent process of Toi-Maru installation and structural adjustment will be focused to consider the attempt to spatial requirement and architectural reaction in Mid-Joseon perid.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.31-38
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• 2023

Most of the changes found on the toi-maru of the Sang-chun-heon Historic House indicate that the upper structure of the toi-maru of the late Joseon Dynasty houses where toi-bo was installed was not completed in an instant. Toi-maru with stud is especially typical in 3-Dori type Structure, and can be found in many historic houses in Yang-dong Village, where the many 3-Dori type Structure is located. This type can be interpreted as the intermediate type that began at the eaves was settled as a toi-maru with a separate toi-bo. It seems that the toi-maru in front of the on-dol room at the time of the construction of the Sang-chun-heon historic house would not have been the same as it is now. The members dividing the on-dol room, the walls, and the various incomplete appearances seen in the window composition can be construed as traces of the change. The fact that all three types of houses that occurred during the spread of toi-maru after the mid-Joseon Dynasty can be examined can be added to the existing evaluation of cultural property houses in Yang-dong Village.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.7-15
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• 2024

The composition of the upper structure, which can be found in the 3-Dori type buildings in Yang-dong Village, varies significantly from time to time. The upper structure of the Gwan-ga-jeong, known as a house in the mid-Joseon Dynasty, consists of a basic 3-Dori type structure in which a beam is placed under 3-Dori and supported with two flat columns. On the other hand, the upper structure of I-hyang-jeong historic house, built in the 17th century, is different in that it has a stud between the two flat columns. The upper structure of Sa-ho-dang historic house, a 19th-century building is different from the upper structure of the buildings of the previous period in that three flat columns were used. As such, the difference in the composition method of the upper structure according to the construction period is closely related to the introduction of the Toi-maru, which is mainly explained by the boundary space. In addition, it can be expected that the introduction of the Toi-maru originated from the influence of the change in the plan. This study was conducted to examine the correlation between the plan and the composition of the boundary space through various typology of the 3-Dori upper structure distributed intensively in Yang-dong Village.