• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.117-131
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• 2017

This study was conducted to draw vegetation landscape elements in the ancient literature, investigate plant community structure, understand vegetation structure, and suggest reasonal conservation management methods. As a result of analyzing ancient literature, geomorphological landscapes in Guryong valley were canyon landscape and valley surrounded in Mt. Chiak. Plant landscape factors were as followed. Rhododendron spp. spread around valley. Also, Pinus densiflora communities were distributed in Guryong valley around. Especially, the entrance zones of Guryong valley were described as covered with Pinus densiflora and Whangchangkumpyo(黃腸禁標). Therefore, it was estimated that entry of Guryong valley was covered with Pinus densiflora community landscape. As for current vegetation result, the main vegetation was divided into mixed deciduous broad-leaved trees community and Pinus densiflora community. As a result of analysis by TWINSPAN for community classification, five communities(Deciduous broadleaved trees, Pinus densiflora, Pinus densiflora-Abies holophylla, Abies holophylla, and Pinus koraiensis community) were classified. To maintain historic plant landscape and conserve crucial resources, Pinus densiflora community was classified as concentrated conservation management area($105,472m^2$). To maintain Pinus densiflora landscape which has high historical and cultural value of Guryong valley, it was considered that active density control of lower layer vegetation would be necessary. Accordingly, to conserve P. densiflora landscape, Whangchangkumpyo(?腸禁標), that area was separated into Pinus densiflora lower layer forest management area($84,029m^2$) and Pinus densiflora seedling conservation management area($21,443m^2$). In understory of Pinus densiflora lower layer flora, the target tree species for elimination and management were Quercus serrata and Quercus mongolica. They were $4{\sim}6trees/100m^2$ and their average diameter was 7.1cm. To preserve Pinus densiflora seedlings, areas with Sasa borealis, the ground vegetation of Pinus densiflora community, rate of 80% or more should be selected as priority management areas and concentrated elimination and management of Sasa borealis should be implemented. Likewise, traditional Pinus densiflora forest is a historically cultural heritage to preserve with sustainable interest and survey. Efficient management method through systematic monitoring system should be made.

• The Korean Journal of Quaternary Research
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.139-144
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• 2003

The purpose of this study is to identify the species and to date the woods used in the Keunjung-jeon Hall, main building of the Kyungbok palace in Seoul. Samples (144) were divided into two parts, pillars (52) and other wood materials (92). Only two species were identified. They were Abies holophylla Max. and Pinus densiflora Sieb. et Zucc.Eleven among 20 Pyungju (outer pillars) were Abies holophylla, and 9 were Pinus densiflora. Seven among 12 Naejinkoju (inner pillars) were Abies holophylla, and 5 were Pinus densiflora. Three among 4 Gwikoju (inner corner pillars) were Abies holophylla, and one was Pinus densiflora. In the other wood materials, only 2 of 92 were Abies holophylla, and the others were Pinus densiflora. Tree-ring dating proved that this building was reconstructed during late 1860s. It also revealed that the old woods cut in the 17th century were reused.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.48 no.5
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• pp.1-15
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• 2020

This study was designed to come up with a way of managing a cultural landscape forest by conducting research on the vegetation structure and growth characteristics. This study's target site, which was 45,201㎡ in size, was Pinus densiflora forest for Sugumagi placed at the entrance of Unmun Temple, Sinwon-ri, Unmun-myeon, and Cheongdo-gun in the southernmost part of Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea. Sugumagi means the water of the valley flows far away, and where no downstream is visible according to feng shui. The historical sources of the Sugumagi Pinus densiflora forest at the entrance of Unmun Temple isn't clear. It waw only found at that location. The Pinus densiflora forest at the entrance of Unmun Temple is located in the waterway in terms of Feng Shui. The present condition of growth was investigated through a grid surveys of 98 trees and Pinus densiflora growth. As a result of the analysis of growth status, Pinus densiflora, Larix leptolepis, Zelkova serrata, Celtis sinensis, and Rhus javanica were distributed in the conopy layer, and 28 species including Ailanthus altissima were grown in the understroy layer, and 92 species, including Ampelopsis brevipedunculata, in the shrub layer. The plant community structure was divided into low, medium and high-density Pinus densiflora forests in the study area, based on the number in the conopy layer and the grade of and the trees analyzed. As a result of the analysis, the Pinus densiflora dominated the low, medium and high-density Pinus densiflora forests, and there were no competitive species. The relative dominance of the low-density Pinus densiflora forests was 46.9% on average, medium-density was 62.6% and 50.2% was found in high-density. The mean species diversity of Shannon in the low-density study was 0.7055, medium-density study was 0.8966 and the average species diversity of Shannon in the high-density study was 0.8317. The analysis of the age and growth of 25 sample trees in the Sugumagi Pinus densiflora forest shows that the distribution of the chest diameter (DBH) of the sample Pinus densiflora is 38 to 77cm with the average chest diameter being 61.1cm. The age was 84-161 years and the average was 114 years. In the Pinus densiflora forest, most(670,659, or 98.3%) of the tree trunk wound was collected for rosins during the Japanese colonia Era, Of the total 670, 659 were Pinus densiflora, 98.3% of the total. 394 were surgically repaired in 2005. For the preservation of the Sugumagi Pinus densiflora forest, dead trees should be replaced with substitute trees appropriate to the middle and south topography. It is demanded that foreign species such as Larix leptolepis in the research area should be removed and Pinus densiflora that underwent surgical operations should be regularly sterilized. It is also emphasized that the management of insecticide is important.

• Journal of the Korea Furniture Society
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.11-20
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• 2003

Wood cell-wall modification with acetic anhydride, lumen filled with styren monomer and methyl methacrylate, and a combination of these two treatments were studied for their effectiveness for dimensional stability. Compared to those of untreated Pinus densiflora Sieb. et Zucc and sole acetylated red pine, The combination of acetylation and impregnation with methy methacrylate greatly reduced water absorption, increased ASE to the best and gave better bending strength and compression strength.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.85-100
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• 2011

Vegetation structure of Sungheung fortress in Buyeo was investigated to suggest a desirable management proposal. Forset communities by phytosociological method were classified into Pinus densiflora community, Quercus serrata community and Quercus aliena community. The importance value of Pinus densiflora, Quercus aliena, Quercus serrata, Quercus variabilis, Castanea crenata, Styrax japonica, Quercus acutissima and Prunus sargentii were 34.81, 13.57, 12.63, 6.73, 6.40, 4.70, 4.54 and 3.65. According to breast diameter analysis results, it is expected that the importance value of Pinus densiflora and Quercus spec. will be continuosly increased. It should be prepared that vegetation management plan over the castle wall should be considered before the repair or restoration of castle wall. Vegetation management around castle wall should be carried out according to the mid or long-term plan and it would be needed to consider the gradual changes from planted Pinus rigida to the historical vegetation of Pinus densiflora.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.62-67
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• 2004

Forest community structure analysis in the Seooreung area, Goyang-si was carried out to supply basic data for reasonable management and conservation. The forest vegetation of the Seooreung area was classified into Alnus japonica community, Quercus mongolica - Carpinus laxiflora community, Quercus serrata community, and Pinus densiflora community. The dominant species in the area were in the order of Quercus mongolica, Quercus serrata, Robinia pseudoacacia, Quercus variabilis, Quercus aliena, Styrax japonica, Pinus rigida, and Alnus hirsuta. According to the DBH analysis result, Pinus densiflora was dominance species in Tomb area. Pinus rigida had a density of normal distribution style in the entire forests, therefore, their dominance are expected to continue for now. However, Quercus serrata is expected to extend their influence in the future in competition with Pinus rigida. Quercus mongolica had a density of normal distribution style in the Quercus mongolica - Carpinus laxiflora community, therefore, their dominance are expected to continue for now. Carpinus laxiflora is expected to extend their influence in the future in competition with Quercus mongolica. The relationship between the distribution of dominant species of forest vegetation and soil condition in Seooreung area was investigated by analyzing soil nutrition and moisture gradient. Alnus hirsuta community was distributed in the mesic and medium nutrition area and Quercus mongolica - Carpinus laxiflora community in the serix and relative good nutrition area. Pinus densiflora community was distributed in the serix and poor nutrition area and Quercus serrata community in the subserix and medium nutrition area.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.169-180
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• 2001

The forest vegetation in Daedeok Science Town were classified as second forest vegetation and afforestation vegetation. The second forest vegetation was classified into two communities such as Pinus densiflora community and Quercus acutissima community. Also, the afforestation vegetation was classified again as Robinia pseudoacacia community, Pinus rigida community, Pinus thunbergii community, and Castanea crenata community. In this study area, we found total 217 taxa. The average species of appearance in Pinus densiflora community, Quercus acutissima community, Robinia pseudoacacia community, Pinus rigida community, Pinus thunbergii community, and Castanea crenata community were 21, 20, 20, 21, 21, and 18, respectively. There was no difference in appearance species between second forest and afforestation vegetation. We found total 12 naturalized plants taxa of Commelina communis, Phytolacca americana, Erigeron annuus, and Ailanthus altissima in the plots and total 19 naturalized plants taxa of Dactylis glomerata, Bidens frondosa, Xanthium strumarium, and Soianum nigrum in the climbing roads and forest circumferences. And so, we found total 31 naturalized plants taxa in this study area.

• Journal of the Korea Furniture Society
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.84-94
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• 2012

We present the species and the dendrochronological dates of Korean traditional furniture in Forest Museum Collection of Korea National Arboretum. Seven of thirteen were successfully dated. Chest with a flap door (84-55-1) was dated A. D. 1623. Others dated were cabinet (83-41-1: A. D. 1759), Chest with a turnover door (83-39-1; A. D. 1801), Cabinet with two horizontal section (88-39; A. D. 1843), Rice chest (82-27-3; A. D. 1849), Cabinet with two horizontal section (83-40-2; A. D. 1877), Chest with a flap door (84-50; A. D. 1918). Most of existing cabinets were made in 1800s. The 84-55-1 chest was one of the earliest pieces of furniture in the collections of Korea museums. The furniture is usually composed one species. The major species was Pinus densiflora. Bedside cabinet (83-41-1) and Cabinet with two horizontal section (88-39) were made from Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis). Becasue they were dated by the tree-ring chronology of Mt. Bekdu, the timber of their boards could be from the area of Mt. Bekdu.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.13-21
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• 2019

The purpose of this study is to understand the actual conditions of Seolleung and Jeongneung historical cultural landscape forests of Joseon Royal Tombs and to prepare systematic preservation and management plans, and the results of the study are as follows. First, in the current situation, vegetation is dominated by Quercus aliena and Pinus densiflora, and it is distributed as Quercus aliena community 21.22%, Pinus densiflora community 21.22% and Pinus densiflora afforestation 3.69%. The main vegetation communities are Pinus densiflora community, Quercus aliena community, Alnus japonica community, Pinus densiflora afforestation, and Pinus koraiensis afforestation. Second, in the measuring of Diameter of Basal Height in eight quadrat, the main species were Pinus densiflora, Quercus aliena and Alnus japonica and the maximum Distribution of Diameter of Basal Height was 20-25cm of Pinus densiflora, 25-30cm of Quercus aliena, and 25-30cm of Alnus japonica. Third, the forest is located between King and Queen's royal tombs in Seolleung, which is not suitable for the form of the tombs. In Jeongneung, the narrow space of the ceremony area shows an unfavorable environment for the formation of pine forests, and the pine forests on the left and right have a different heights that hinders the visual landscape. Fourth, as a management plan for the forests, stray pine trees, which are exotic species, are removed and pine forests are formed along the ridges. After removing the forest between the King and Queen's royal tombs of Seolleung, grass is formed, and the height of the pine forest on the left and right of Jeongneung is adjusted, and pines near the Gokjang are continuously monitored. Visually heterogeneous trees are arranged boldly, the boundary is adjusted to harmonize with the surrounding deciduous trees and maintains a buffer space of about 10m. This study is expected to provide important implications for Joseon Royal Tombs and in the future, the actual conditions of each Joseon Royal Tombs should be understood and appropriate management plans should be prepared.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.88-95
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• 2004

The purpose of this study is to identify the species of wood members used in the Keunjungjeon Hall, main building of the Kyungbok palace in Seoul. The total 144 samples consist of 52 from pillars and 92 from other wood members. Only two species were identified, which were Abies holophylla Max. (needle fir) and Pinus densiflora Sieb. et Zucc. (Japanese red pine). For the pillars, A. holophylla were more abundantly used than P. densiflora. Among 20 outer pillars ('Pyeongju'), 11 were A. holophylla, and 9 were P. densiflora. Among 12 inner pillars ('Naejinkoju'), 7 were A. holophylla, and 5 were P. densiflora. Among 4 inner corner pillars ('Gwikoju'), 3 were A. holophylla and 1 was P. densiflora. For 92 other wood members, only 2 purlins were A. holophylla and the others were all P. densiflora. The results suggest that the common opinion 'Palace buildings of Korea are made from red pine woods' should be corrected. We think that fir logs might be used for the pillars instead of pines because long and straight pines were not available during 1860s due to heavy utilization of pines as construction and fuel materials in the late Chosun period.